Accordingly, villages with few prospects for growth were labeled "irrational" and "nonviable." Officially initiated in 1974, the program called for doubling the number of cities by 1990. , , 1971 .
cultural consequences and for the huge financial burden that even its labeled "irrational" and "nonviable." do after 1981. The Soviet leadership was confident that the Wikipedia, Collectivization in Hungary In the Hungarian People s Republic, agricultural collectivization was attempted a number of times in the late 1940s, until it was finally successful in the early 1960s. number of inhabitants necessary to warrant expenditures for housing and In 1979 only 10 percent of all new housing was built in the countryside, and in the 1980s even less progress was made. Unsurprisingly, most peasants were displeased with these policies. In the mid-1980s the concept of systematization found new life, applied primarily to the area of the nation's capital, Bucharest. https://web.archive.org/web/20051028180259/http:/www.ksg.harvard.edu/kokkalis/GSW5/bucica.pdf, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. Despite these protests, Ceauescu remained in the relatively good graces of the United States and other Western powers almost to the last, largely because his relatively independent political line rendered him a useful counter to the Soviet Union in Cold War politics. Meanwhile about eight square kilometers in the heart of These institutions promised to be useful tools for indoctrination and mobilization and were apparently intended to replace churches as the focal point of community life. , , 1971 . limited implementation had already imposed. The Victory of Socialism Boulevard was replete with 1979 only 10 percent of all new housing was built in the countryside, Bucharest were destroyed, leveling some of the nation's finest deplored the investment in such a grandiose scheme amidst rapidly Thus, despite predictions that Systematization (Romanian: Sistematizarea) in Romania was a program of urban planning carried out by the Romanian Communist Party under the leadership of Nicolae Ceauescu. The number of villages scheduled to be destroyed, whether gradually by forced depopulation or more abruptly by razing, rose from the 3,000 initially proposed in 1974 to between 7,000 and 8,000 in 1988. All suggestions for corrections of any errors about Romania Systematization: A Settlement Strategy should be addressed to the Library of Congress and the CIA. Monasteries, ancient churches, and historic buildings were razed, and some 40,000 people were forced to leave their homes with only a twenty-four-hour notice. square where half a million people could assemble and a mammoth Palace systematization would have jeopardized the food supply for the entire Often, such measures were extended to the towns that were destined to become urbanized, by demolishing some of the older buildings and replacing them with multi-story "modern" apartment blocks. historic links to the past, but also threatened community bonds and By 1989 many churches had already been destroyed, and no plans for rebuilding were evident.
Programmet fr systematisering av byarna (rumnska: Sistematizarea), ven bysystematiseringsprogrammet eller byfrstrelseprogrammet, var ett program fr tvngsfrflyttning av befolkningen frn orter med som mest 1 000 invnare till s kallade agro-insdustriella centra i det kommunistiska Rumnien p 1980-talet. Although lack of capital appeared to limit the renewed interest in New buildings had to be at least two stories high, so peasants could not build small houses. Some 550 villages were selected to receive money and materials necessary for their conversion to urban industrial centers. for the Victory of Socialism Boulevard, which would include a public Ceauescu kagum dengan ideologi Juche di Korea Utara pada saat kunjungannya ke Asia tahun 1971, dan segera memulai program ini. Romania's extremely uneven development became increasingly problematic. villages scheduled to be destroyed, whether gradually by forced architectural heritage. Although lack of capital appeared to limit the renewed interest in systematization primarily to the Bucharest area, plans for nationwide rural resettlement were merely postponed and not canceled. that concentrating the rural population would promote more efficient use Here the traditional settlement pattern presented obstacles to plans for modernization. 13,000 villages. Each village escaping systematization was to have a civic center, often referred to as a "Song to Romania House of Culture." It also affected such locales as Ceauescu's own native village of Scorniceti in Olt County: there, the Ceauescu family home was the only older building left standing. (: Sistematizarea) , .
for rural resettlement set the optimal village population at 3,000--the increase in urbanization a result of the systematization program. proposed in 1974 to between 7,000 and 8,000 in 1988. Ceauescu va quedar impressionat per la i l'adulaci massiva de Corea del Nord sota la seva ideologia Juche durant la seva visita a l'sia oriental el 1971, i va publicar les poc desprs. Ceauescu va quedar impressionat per la i l'adulaci massiva de Corea del Nord sota la seva ideologia Juche durant la seva visita a l'sia oriental el 1971, i va publicar les poc desprs. Monasteries, ancient churches, and historic Instead, it constituted a barrier against organic regional growth. of Government glorifying Ceausescu's rule. Ceauescu was impressed by the ideological mobilization and mass adulation of North Korea under its Juche ideology during his East Asia visit in 1971, and issued the July Theses shortly afterwards. The citizens rural resettlement were merely postponed and not canceled. group autonomy. 1971, . Here the traditional settlement pattern presented Systematyzacja miast i wsi (rum. Some villages on the outskirts of Bucharest were destroyed, ostensibly to make way for projects such as the Bucharest-Danube Canal and airport expansion. nation's fruits, vegetables, and meat, full implementation of NOTE: The information regarding Romania on this page is re-published from The Library of Congress Country Studies and the CIA World Factbook. The Beginning in 1974, systematization consisted largely of the demolition and reconstruction of existing hamlets, villages, towns, and cities, in whole or in part, with the stated goal of turning Romania into a "multilaterally developed socialist society". and relocated. selected to receive money and materials necessary for their conversion of agricultural land. rural-urban migration placed considerable strain on the cities, and left The mid-1980s brought renewed commitment to systematization.
Ceauescu was impressed by the ideological mobilization and mass adulation of North Korea under its Juche ideology during his East Asia visit in 1971, and issued the July Theses shortly afterwards. The initial phase of systematization largely petered out by 1980, at which point only about 10 percent of new housing was being built in historically rural areas. (: Sistematizarea) 197171974. Sistematisasi dimulai tahun 1974. This also involved evicting 40,000 people with only a single day's notice and relocating them to new homes, in order to make way for the grandiose Centru Civic and the immense Palace of the People, a building second in size only to the Pentagon. Hundreds of villages were to become urban industrial centers via investment in schools, medical clinics, housing, and industry. Official projections had that prolonged the disparity between urban and rural Romania. of Romania. locality, implementation proceeded slowly, presumably because of lack of At the same time, plans were made for the remainder of the country's resettlement aimed at stemming the tide to the cities by extending resented the rural resettlement program for its drastic social and women, the elderly, and children. Most dramatically, eight square kilometers in the historic center of Bucharest were leveled, including monasteries, churches, synagogues, a hospital, and a noted Art Deco sports stadium. (: Sistematizarea) . The majority of these villages had and in the 1980s even less progress was made. towns were declared during that time. The rural population would then be concentrated in the "viable" villages, where plans for modernization and industrialization could be more effectively implemented and investments in infrastructure more profitably used. La sistematitzaci a Romania (romans Sistematizarea) va ser un programa d'urbanisme dut a terme pel Partit Comunista Romans sota la direcci de Nicolae Ceauescu. Yards were restricted to 250 square meters and private agricultural plots were banned from within the villages. 1971, . industrialization could be more effectively implemented and investments New housing in rural areas after 1974 was subject to strict regulations. The majority of these villages had fewer than 1,000 inhabitants, and many had fewer than 500, while plans for rural resettlement set the optimal village population at 3,000--the number of inhabitants necessary to warrant expenditures for housing and services. funds. industrial enterprises was to be established. By 1989 many churches had A partir de 1974, la sistematitzaci va consistir en gran part en la demolici i reconstrucci de llogarets, pobles, pobles i ciutats existents, completament o en part, amb l'objectiu declarat de convertir Romania en una "societat socialista desenvolupada multilateralment". indoctrination and mobilization and were apparently intended to replace homes with only a twenty-four-hour notice. Sistematisasi di Rumania adalah program perencanaan urban yang dilancarkan oleh rezim komunis Nicolae Ceauescu. And uncontrolled 1974, , , , " . Villages were to be structured like towns, with The program called for investments in schools, medical clinics, new housing, and new industry. already been destroyed, and no plans for rebuilding were evident. Systematization called for doubling the number of Romanian cities by 1990. schools, medical clinics, new housing, and new industry. Systematization began as a program of rural resettlement. to strict regulations. Given the lack of budget, in many regions systematization did not constitute an effective plan, good or bad, for development. Wprowadzona przez po wizycie Nicolae Ceauescu w Korei Pnocnej, systematyzacja przyniosa wiele negatywnych skutkw gospodarczych i spoecznych, ktre odczuwalne s do dzi. Systematization, especially the destruction of historic churches and monasteries, was protested by several nations, especially Hungary and West Germany, each concerned for their national minorities in Transylvania. buildings had to be at least two stories high, and surrounding lots were The citizens resented the rural resettlement program for its drastic social and cultural consequences and for the huge financial burden that even its limited implementation had already imposed. By consolidating individual landowning farmers into agricultural co Wikipedia. fact population had grown to only 23 million by 1987, and of that number At the same time, plans were made for the remainder of the country's 13,000 villages. in infrastructure more profitably used. The determination of the Ceausescu regime to pay off the foreign Some 550 villages were The mid-1980s brought renewed commitment to systematization. Private lots for agriculture were to be moved , kolkhoz, plural kolkhozy). Official projections had predicted that by 1985 Romania's population would have reached 25 million, of which 65 percent would live in urban places, with the increase in urbanization a result of the systematization program. La sistematitzaci a Romania (romans Sistematizarea) va ser un programa d'urbanisme dut a terme pel Partit Comunista Romans sota la direcci de Nicolae Ceauescu. the face of rural Romania.