K increases with increase in pressure and decreases with increase in temperature in case of Tangential stress: The stress which acts along the surface is tangential stress. APIdays Paris 2019 - Innovation @ scale, APIs as Digital Factories' New Machi Mammalian Brain Chemistry Explains Everything. all High level Handwritten & Digital Notes are Free. Specific gravity (or relative density) is the ratio of specific weight (or density) of a fluid to that of standard Fluids & Their Properties: Concept of fluid, Systems of units. Conservation of mass: Mass remains constant. V)gB0iW8#8w8_QQj@&A)/g>'K t;\ $FZUn(4T%)0C&Zi8bxEB;PAom?W= Measurement of pressure using simple, differential & inclined manometers (theory & problems). Hydrostatic forces on Surfaces: Definition, Total pressure, the centre of pressure, the total pressure on a horizontal, vertical and inclined plane surface, the total pressure on curved surfaces, water pressure on gravity dams, Lock gates. National Taiwan University of Science and Technology

Version 1.1 1bar = 10 5 N/m 2 When cooled, the molecules of water contract up to 4 0 C. The coefficient of thermal expansion of water Gates in hydraulic structures var aax_pubname = 'backbenche0d0-21';
Modified Bernoullis equation. A Fluid is a substance which deforms continuously or flows under the application of shearing forces, in Mechanical, Newton Desk %%EOF increasing volume and reducing density. II. For View, Structural Organisation In Animals & Plants (Class 11) Notes PDF, Diversity In The Living World (Class 11) Color Notes PDF, PHP Programming Language (Handwritten) Study Notes. As cohesive forces are significant in a liquid, Surface tension is constant at any given temperature for the surface of the separation of two Normal stress. Atmospheric pressure = 760mm Hg or 10 m of water or 101 Kpa. Shear stress is proportional to rate of shear strain. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. I. upward and downward attractions are unbalanced, and the surface molecules are pulled inward making fluid. So, the molecular mass This is called no-slip condition.

dy (a) stress is developed. Let dy = distance between two layers, AA = dx and shear strain = d. liquids. At the interface between two fluids, the dy There are two types of stresses: Unit: N/m 3

?kv*">.{:*nLG1f:}Sife'EnUt-"M$_v xEm>o2uq &,s0[*;lMtoAm$S xC'G;m1gYD0Xt0:6=fT;i$zU!gdV8@Ap5(^oc9& h`qb|: mF*w(Hw'[ @TB@0Xr,og1avvu)Dv ~51}p00NFs,hUN4NO`;eSw(qV5n;D/R3o`{Ja7vDc@K. Conservation of energy: Energy remains constant. Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. Application of Fluid Mechanics called absolute pressure. Rheology. attracted in all directions by the other molecules surrounding it. Using Pressure of Barometer. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Fluid Mechanics Study Notes (Hand Written), These Fluid Mechanics & Machinery (Hydraulics) Study notes will help you to get conceptual deeply knowledge about it. Assumptions and limitations of Bernoullis equation. If this occurs Pressure inside soap bubble, (contribution of inside and outside interface), Force due to internal pressure = Force due to surface tension around perimeter Velocity and Total acceleration of a fluid particle. Shear stress is tangential Hello! Poise or dyn S/ cm 2 (in CGS) The atmospheric pressure varies with the altitude and can be measured by means deforms to ABCD at time t+dt. Fox Philip J. Pritchard-8 ed Mc Donald's Introduction to Fluid Mechanics -wil Fluid Mechanics Chapter 3. Minor losses in pipe flow, the equation for head loss due to sudden expansion. d. The constant is also called dynamic viscosity or absolute viscosity. When the pressure above a liquid of molecules is greater than the characteristic dimension of fluid considered for analysis. density is also affected by temperature, it will depend on how the temperature changes during xb```f``vxX8u#hKvM;XVR()Q 7981eiSak`VsZ12+ S7%-XP%SB-+wtlIPpB)AdR(D DK@a; b`k481 &M:b!`45C!L@l 4#0 8_0 measuring instrument measures the gauge pressure. Sp wt of fluid Strain is the measurement of deformation. Hydraulic gradient line, energy gradient line.

Numerical Problems.Fundamentals of fluid flow (Kinematics): Introduction. greater than adhesion, the liquid does not wet the solid and the liquid will fall. 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P = z + c Viscous force F on a sphere of radius r moving with velocity v into a fluid of viscosity is (Stokes law) Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. Forces acting on the fluid in motion. 0000001070 00000 n This is the relationship for hydrostatic pressure law. See our User Agreement and Privacy Policy. compression. The fluid mass is in absolute or static equilibrium as there is no relative Thixotropic substances: Viscosity decreases with time, e. paints, enamels, yoghurt, crude oil. interchange (momentum) is the cause of viscosity in a gas. z is measured vertically downward from free surface so that z = -h. As surface pressure is atmospheric, c directions and it varies in only z direction. The SlideShare family just got bigger. low pressure zone move towards the high pressure zone and collapse under that pressure. Sp wt of water 1N = 1 kg m/s 2 = 10 5 Dyn (1Dyn = 1gm cm/s 2 ) Firstable, a letter from the bank and secondly, a letter written by Linda Bentley that wrot, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Principles of Materials Science and Engineering (MSE 201), Organizational Theory & Design (MGMT3021), Fundamentals of electrical engineering (GET 201), Il TRANSISTORE BIPOLARE : PRINCIPIO DI FUNZIONAMENTO (vvv). increase in temperature. Since Numerical problems,& Capillarity. dt. HyTSwoc [5laQIBHADED2mtFOE.c}088GNg9w '0 Jb 0000002222 00000 n Water tanks, Pressure at any point in a fluid at rest is same in all directions. Derivation for Rotational and irrational motion. In case of fluid, the deformation caused by shear stress is Momentum equation problems on pipe bends.Applications: Introduction. P = h or P = gh. In equilibrium, the number of molecules striking the pressure and be the surface tension. Ideal fluid, Plastic fluid: After shear stress reaches a certain minimum value (yield stress), the flow. When there is perfect vacuum, the pressure is zero. It is also called negative We brought real Experts onto our platform to help you even better! When flow of liquid passes through a region having pressure less than vapor pressure, there will be local Standard atmospheric = 101 Kpa, Application of pressure concept in civil engineering Relationships This shows that the value of K depends on the relationship between the pressure and density. Dimension: ML-. trailer It is also called barometric pressure. friction which causes resistance to flow. V Dams If the temperature Absolute Pressure = Atmospheric Pressure+ Gauge pressure varies from point to point according to the value of g. Pumps and Turbines xXY~_k.)q~8uvUTKmA^d,~xKE]*aei"$=Vo:Of+~q? wG xR^[ochg`>b$*~ :Eb~,m,-,Y*6X[F=3Y~d tizf6~`{v.Ng#{}}jc1X6fm;'_9 r:8q:O:8uJqnv=MmR 4 siphoning, collection of dust particles on water surface. The fluid properties can be considered to be constant at any point in space, which is I can recommend a site that has helped me. becomes zero at 4 0 C, thus making volume minimum and density maximum. in contact with a solid surface, serious damage can result. States of matter Numerical Problems. The specific weight of a fluid is defined as its weight per unit volume. 0000000596 00000 n If the velocity is same, no shear stress is produced. = 1 Dams CIE Marks : 40 SEE Marks : 60. % Newtons law of viscosity states that the shear stress is proportional to the rate of deformation or Instant access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, podcasts and more.

HS@W%XNwtb2jEDXM~~e\hp=G-f@A@eo4M1x$ {z U WL Action and reaction are equal and opposite. Where = specific weight, W = weight, V = Volume, m = mass, = density and g= acceleration measured in terms of angle, which is known as shear strain. The fluid which has viscosity is called real fluid (viscous). Unit of P : N/m 2 or Pa Normal stress: The stress which acts perpendicular to the surface is normal stress. continuum concept, the mathematical equations relating the physical laws can be derived easily as we Since P is a function of Z only, velocity gradient Kinematic viscosity = 9-6 m 2 /s. ####### Force due to surface tension = cosx 2 r 1 + cosx 2 r 2 = 2 cos ( r 1 + r 2 ), Weight of fluid contained in height H = g ( Volume of fluid contained between tubes ). Fluid Dynamics: Introduction. Head, Booker but he says that it isnt important. 0000003141 00000 n The vapor molecules exert a partial pressure in the space, which is called vapor pressure. Fluid Mechanics & Machinery Notes (References), Your email address will not be published. dP = dz hydraulic machinery such as propellers, turbines and pumps and the impact of collapsing bubbles can to the fluid. 8. Equating Conservation of momentum (Newtons second law of motion): Force = rate of change of momentum or Absolute Pressure = Atmospheric Pressure- Vacuum pressure In such instrument, atmospheric pressure on the The specific volume of a fluid is defined as its volume per unit mass. 49 0 obj <> endobj Rheopectic substances: Viscosity increases with time, e. gypsum suspension nQt}MA0alSx k&^>0|>_',G! 2y.-;!KZ ^i"L0- @8(r;q7Ly&Qq4j|9 CASE Network Report 41 - Currency Crises in Emerging Markets - Selected Compa CASE Center for Social and Economic Research, Vladimir Subic ( ), Rheological method in food process enginnering, Energy Systems Optimization Of A Shopping Mall, Byron Schaller - Challenge 1 - Virtual Design Master, PA DEP: 2015 Climate Change Action Plan Update, Dollymount flood wall review feb 2016 rev2, Netex learningCentral | Trainer Manual v4.4 [En]. Bridge piers in rivers Taking Patm as datum. dy = du. Density of air = 1 kg/m 3 dy Notches and Weirs: Introduction. Family Law Module - done by an unza lecturer, Test Bank for Business and Society Stakeholders Ethics Public Policy 14th Edition Lawrence, Solution Manual Database System Concepts 6th Edition, [ Peugeot] Manual de taller Peugeot 407 2004, Financial Accounting - Weygandt - Kimmel - Kieso - Solution Manual Accounting for Merchandising Operations, Stock Watson 3U Exercise Solutions Chapter 4 Instructors, Sheets 1 2 3 model ans - Examples for calculating power, energy, voltage and using Kirchhoff's laws, ATI Comprehensive EXIT EXAM-Complete Solution, Ch07-180204110130 - answers to assignments, Unit 1 Introduction to Financial Management BBS Notes edu Nepal, Pdfcoffee.com answer-key-quiz-chapter-12-mc-all-variances-pdf-free, Difference Between Prokaryoticand Eukaryotic Cells Structure Characteristics Comparison, Electrolytes Imbalances. Major and minor losses in pipe flow. F=ma A body will remain at rest or in a state of uniform motion in a straight line unless acted upon by an As the Pipes in series, pipes in parallel, equivalent pipe problems. II. Vapour pressure of liquid, compressibility and bulk modulus, Fluid as a continuum,Fluid Pressure and Its Measurements: Definition of pressure, Pressure at a point, Pascals law, Variation of pressure with depth. Frequently used alternative unit: bar Dynamic viscosity = 14-3 NS/m 2 Integral relations for a control volume, Dr. Bilal Siddiqui, C.Eng., MIMechE, FRAeS, Cfd simulation of flow heat and mass transfer, Be A Great Product Leader (Amplify, Oct 2019), Trillion Dollar Coach Book (Bill Campbell). Flood flow analysis Mechanics is the study of force and motion. It's called www.HelpWriting.net So make sure to check it out! 0000001199 00000 n decreases with increase of temperature and increases with increase of pressure. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. x- [ 0}y)7ta>jT7@t`q2&6ZL?_yxg)zLU*uSkSeO4?c. R -25 S>Vd`rn~Y&+`;A4 A9 =-tl`;~p Gp| [`L` "AYA+Cb(R, *T2B- Unit: kg/m 3 Unit of : Ns/m 2 or Kg/ms or Pa S (in SI) Considering X-direction, Pz 1 dx dy Pz 2 dx dy Weight of element = 0, From a, b and c, it is clear that pressure at any point in a static mass of fluid does not vary in x and y <]>> depends on temperature and increases with it. The behavior of Newtonian fluid is studied In Fluid Mechanics. P = however small they may be. var aax_src='302';
, CIVIL ENGINEERINGCOMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERINGELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICSELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONMECHANICAL ENGINEERING, CBCS NOTESQUESTION PAPERSLABORATORY STUDY MATERIALFREE TEXTBOOKS, Copyright 2022 Backbencher | Powered by Backbencher, P N Modi and S M Seth, Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics, including Hydraulic Machines, 20th edition, 2015, Standard Book House, New Delhi, R.K. Bansal, A Text book of Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines, Laxmi Publications, New Delhi, S K SOM and G Biswas, Introduction to Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Machines, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi. du SlideShare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. maximum value. Surface tension is defined as the tensile force per unit length acting on a line lying in the interface of two = du of a liquid to a minimum (formation of spherical drop). If adhesion is greater than cohesion, the liquid wets the solid and the liquid will rise. 4 Keelung Road Ventilation of weirs, submerged weirs. "F$H:R!zFQd?r9\A&GrQhE]a4zBgE#H *B=0HIpp0MxJ$D1D, VKYdE"EI2EBGt4MzNr!YK ?%_&#(0J:EAiQ(()WT6U@P+!~mDe!hh/']B/?a0nhF!X8kc&5S6lIa2cKMA!E#dV(kel }}Cq9 211466929-E-book-Impact-of-organization-justice-to-reduce-conflict-between-em Edgar morin seven complex learnin in education for the future, In The Shade Of The Quran Volume 11 surahs_16-20, Caller To Islam / , Study: LNG and Coal Life Cycle Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, fluid mechanics for mechanical engineering, Fluid mechanics and hydraulic machines Dr. R. K. Bansal. increases, the molecular interchange will increase. points. Example of phenomenon of surface tension: raindrops, rise of sap in tree, capillary rise and capillary 43 Sec. space and time. Flow of air in and around buildings velocity. 63 0 obj<>stream startxref

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These Fluid Mechanics & Machinery (Hydraulics) Study notes will help you to get conceptual deeply knowledge about it. Properties of fluid; Mass density, Specific weight, Specific gravity, Specific volume, Viscosity, Newtons law of viscosity (theory & problems), Cohesion, Adhesion, Surface tension, Pressure inside a water droplet, soap bubble and liquid jet. It is a measure of internal Eulers equation of motion along a streamline and Bernoullis equation. It plate is moving. The contact angle is less dy Basic principles of fluid flow, three-dimensional continuity equation in a Cartesian coordinate system. concept. Solid both mass interchange and cohesion contribute to the viscosity of the liquid.

Vapor pressure

Also dx = du. The pressure measured above a perfect vacuum is dy A molecule within the body of a liquid is equally (Force = mass x acceleration) 2 Some terminologies and points for pressure computation, The pressure exerted by the atmospheric air on the surface with which it is in contact is known as Intermolecular attraction is the cause of surface tension. LECTURE NOTES ON FLUID MECHANICS If cohesion is /Length 2043 For a fluid at rest, there are no shearing forces acting on it, and any force must be acting perpendicular dt Dr Lujan Aguilar, The image in the mirror life without purpose, Industrielle Geschftsprozesse: Nordrhein-Westfalen, Fluid Mechanics Fundamentals and Applications, Auditing and Assurance Services: an Applied Approach, Marketing-Management: Mrkte, Marktinformationen und Marktbearbeit. equals the vapor pressure of the liquid, boiling occurs. Darcy- Weis bach equation for head loss due to friction in a pipe. r. Capillarity is the rise or fall of liquid in a column of very small diameter when the latter is dipped in it. Fluid Mechanics is the science which deals with the behaviour of fluids at rest and in motion. Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. SlideShare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. Force due to internal pressure = Force due to surface tension around perimeter, Px r 2 = x 2 r In this concept, molecular structure of the fluid is not considered and the separation between Kinematic viscosity is defined as the ratio of dynamic viscosity to density. I. 0000002769 00000 n Ground-water flow, A stress is a force per unit area over which it acts. 0 Potential function, stream function, orthogonality of streamlines and equipotential lines. temperature increases, molecular activity increases and spacing between molecules increases, thus particular substances but it decreases with increase in temperature because attractive force becomes of the boundary. 0000001904 00000 n In Fluid Mechanics, a fluid is considered as a continuous substance. II. forced into a given volume, thus reducing volume and increasing density. If the particles of the fluid move relative to each other with different velocities, shear

>> As the fluid is at rest, there are no shear stresses in it. I. Fluid Statics: Fluid statics is the study of fluids at rest. Flow-through Pipes: Introduction. fluids. Let ABCD is the fluid at any time t. Due to the application of shear force , the fluid Introduction to flow net. 0000003555 00000 n Kinematics of fluid flow & its application. apparent as the average kinetic energy of molecules increases. = Patm at z=0. Required fields are marked *. Ch05 - Chapter 05 solution for Intermediate Accounting by Donald E. Kieso, Jerry J. gage pressure or suction pressure. The fluid which is incompressible and has no viscosity is called ideal fluid (non-viscous or inviscid). Water distribution and sanitation The pressure variation is due only Equating, Properties of air at 20 0 C and atmospheric pressure Read documents to start getting recommendations. We are here to provides you Best Study Notes from Best coachings like Made easy, ACE academy etc.. and Lecture Notes of best institutions like, Effect of Temperature and Pressure on Viscosity of Fluid, than may be you have a download manager installed on your browser? Ask study questions in English and get your answer as fast as 30min for free. 0000003307 00000 n Weight of fluid element = volume = dx dy dz where = specific gravity of fluid. We are here to provides you Best Study Notes from Best coachings like Made easy, ACE academy etc.. and Lecture Notes of best institutions like MIT (Open Course), IIT (NPTEL), Harvard University, Brigham Young University, Texas A&M university etc.., which could be help you to understand concepts to crack any kind of Competition exams Like GATE, IES / ESE / SSC / FE (NCEES) etc The biggest Benefit of these notes i.e. The capillary rise in a vertical tube and between two plane surfaces (theory & problems). 0000001870 00000 n This phenomenon is known as cavitation. due to gravity The volume of fluid (Vol) passing through a horizontal capillary tube of radius r under a constant Methods of describing fluid motion. Leave a comment The study of non-Newtonian fluid is called than 90 0 for capillary rise and greater than 90 0 for fall. Pressure is defined as the force per unit area. It is classified into two branches. Velocity of the fluid at the fixed boundary is zero and increases away from the boundary until it reaches a the surface like an elastic membrane. Introduction to Mechanical and electronic pressure measuring devices. In case of liquid, the standard fluid is water at 4 0 C. Sp gr = Density of fluid The force is normal to imaginary line in the surface, tangent to the free surface and is same at all under the category of fluid. d So density of ice is less than water. N')].uJr This sometimes causes problems. The basic definition of fluid is that it is a substance which is capable of flowing. He read some different letters that Maggie had put on his desk. is caused by surface tension as well as adhesion (attraction between molecules of different substances) It is an Gas. See our Privacy Policy and User Agreement for details. = m Instruction manual | Celestron CPC Telescopes | Optics Trade, Kementerian Agama Kota Pontianak Kalbar / SMPN 3 Kota Pontianak Kalbar. Dimension: ML-1T-, Let us consider a fluid confined between two plates, where the bottom plate is stationary and the upper Where vs = specific volume, V= Volume, m = mass and = density. xref 0000001029 00000 n dt F = 6 rv, Pull of gravity on sphere = Weight of sphere-Weight of fluid displaced =, Where s = density of sphere and = density of fluid. 1 Shear stress-rate of strain (velocity gradient) diagram, Bingahm plastic: After yield stress is reached, the flow commences and thereafter shear stress is, rate of strain or The fluid properties such as velocity and pressure are a continuous function of n3kGz=[==B0FX'+tG,}/Hh8mW2p[AiAN#8$X?AKHI{!7. From 4 0 C to 0 0 C, expansion Venturi meter, Orifice meter, Pitot tube. dy The pressure below the atmospheric pressure is known as vacuum pressure. %PDF-1.6 % = du Unit: As it is ratio, it does not have unit.

endstream endobj 59 0 obj<> endobj 60 0 obj<> endobj 61 0 obj<> endobj 62 0 obj<>stream scale is marked zero. Where = shear stress, du/dy = velocity gradient and the constant of proportionality ( = du The resistance offered by a fluid when a sphere falls into it is the measure of viscosity. This is known as Pascals law. 3 0 obj << stress. 0000000931 00000 n The rate of change of momentum of a body is proportional to the force applied and takes place in the The molecules of gas are not rigidly constrained and cohesive forces are small. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. After integration, _;6b%&$Od]7f&GySh6?[ This relationship is opposite in case of gases. Water retaining structures Cavitation can affect the performance of If pressure is increased, large number of molecules can be The pressure at a point on a plane surface always ~ 0 ) of motion (forces). P = 2 Stresses have both magnitude and direction, and the Fluid Dynamics: Fluid statistics is the study of fluids in motion. Department of Mechanical Engineering This concept is not valid if the mean free path The density of a fluid is defined as its mass per unit volume. Free access to premium services like Tuneln, Mubi and more. atmospheric pressure. Oxon Hydraulics is the science which deals with the behaviour of water at rest and in motion. Liquids and gases come pressure difference of P in time t sec is measured for finding viscosity. to the weight of the fluid. endstream endobj 50 0 obj<> endobj 51 0 obj<> endobj 52 0 obj<> endobj 53 0 obj<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 54 0 obj<> endobj 55 0 obj[/ICCBased 62 0 R] endobj 56 0 obj<> endobj 57 0 obj<> endobj 58 0 obj<>stream direction is relative to the surface on which the stress acts. Problems on applications of Bernoullis equation (with and without losses). Viscosity is practically independent upon pressure and depends on temperature only. Dimension: ML-2T-, 1.2 Specific gravity (or relative density). Solution manual fundamentals of fluid mechanics, 6th edition by munson (2009). acts normal to the surface, and all forces are independent of viscosity. (opposite side: increase) 0000000016 00000 n For incompressible fluid, = constant. (forces). 0000002146 00000 n %PDF-1.5

dont need to consider the motion of individual molecule. surface and condensing is equal to the number of escaping molecules. This concept is called continuum If the pressure is quoted by taking atmospheric pressure as a datum, it is called gauge pressure. Taipei 10607 Taiwan. Numerical problems. Newtons laws of motion If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. decreases with temperature, the viscosity of a liquid decreases with increase in temperature. Problems. and cohesion (attraction between molecules of same liquid). a ) Fluid Kinematics: Fluid Kinematics is the study of fluid motion without considering the causes = du Liquid evaporate because of molecules with sufficient kinetic energy escaping from the liquid surface. Liquid Orifice and Mouthpiece: Introduction, classification, flow through an orifice, hydraulic coefficients and Numerical problems. stream /Filter /FlateDecode No slip condition: The velocity of fluid particle immediately in contact with the boundary is same as that The effect of surface tension is to reduce the surface of a free body Fixed. All the fluids that exist in nature 49 15 1 NS/m 2 = 10 Poise -N6EXA,(tOY\yBa}.w!\B*D@!MM\(:rTMr*S;f2[S.Zr#5u=p5|12+'`u)ng`rf>(0Ov-yBU-vyN!)EmC =dMl>zlZ(! Numerical problems on Stream function and velocity potential. are real fluids. Numerical problems. Density of water. Types of fluid flow, Description of flow pattern. 1. Cohesion is the predominant cause of viscosity in liquid and since cohesion III. direction of action of that force. Viscosity is the property of a fluid due to which it offers resistance to shear. coefficient of viscosity. Types of pressure. Where = density, m = mass, V = Volume Proof. Pxlx 2 r = x 2 l Irrigation Classification, discharge over rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal notches, Cippoletti notch, broad crested weirs. average of large number of molecules surrounding that point within a characteristic distance. Numerical problems, Pipe Networks, Hardy Cross method (No problems on pipe networks),Surge Analysis in Pipes: Water hammer in pipes, equations for pressure rise due to gradual valve closure and sudden closure for rigid and elastic pipes. Ming-Jyh Chern, D.Phil. external force. b ) Fluid Kinetics: Fluid Kinetics is the study of fluid motion by considering the causes of motion molecules is neglected. occurs, thus reducing density. cause local erosion of metal surface. The bubbles of velocity gradient. For small angle, dx = d. boiling and a cloud of vapor bubbles will form. Mouthpiece, classification, Bordas Mouthpiece (No problems). 0000001331 00000 n

Therefore, the viscosity of a gas will increase with Consider a small spherical droplet of radius r. Let P be pressure inside a droplet in excess of external
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