Schistocerca nitens is a species of grasshopper known by several names, including vagrant grasshopper and gray bird grasshopper. Nihoa Millerbird Acrocephalus familiaris kingi translocation protocols. The Nihoa Millerbird Acrocephalus familiaris kingi (Farmer et al., 2011) and Nihoa finch Telespyza ultimahave been threatened by the extensive defoliation caused by S.nitens (Latchininsky and Lockwood, 2005; Atkinson, 2012; US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2012). It was probably introduced to Hawaii several decades ago and then spread through the archipelago by flying; it has the ability to fly at least 300 miles across ocean.[1]. As a mechanism of thermoregulation, grasshoppers bask under the sun between 1100 hours and 1600 hours (Oku et al., 2011). [Bishop Museum Bulletin in Cultural and Environmental Studies 1. First ecdysis occurs within 10 minutes when the cuticle of the first instar nymph splits along the mid-dorsum. In: Developmental Systems. Natural history of Nihoa and Necker Islands. USDA. Potential severe effects on non-target speciesrendered this technique unviable for use on Nihoa Island, Hawaii (Gilmartin, 2005). Nymphs are green or occasionally brown (Mario-Perez et al., 2011). (Acridoideos (Insecta: Orthoptera) del Estado de Guanajuato, Mexico)., 89 29-38. Garcia-Gutierrez C, Chairez-Hernandez I, Rivera-Garcia E, Gurrola-Reyes JN, Gonzalez-Maldonado MB, 2006. On Nihoa Island, Hawaii, it fed on Sidafallax, Sesbaniatomentosa, Solanumnelsonii, Chenopodiumoahuense, Schiedeaverticillata and Pritchardiaremota. USDA. At 0% stage, freshly deposited eggs are light yellow.
[Honing conservation imperatives: insights and foresights.]. Environmental factors such as humidity affect the green/brown polymorphism of S. nitens under laboratory breeding conditions (Rowell and Cannis, 1971). S. nitens is solitary and non-migratory, but under certain conditions can form swarms or outbreaks and cause damage to crops and native plant species. Males completed the nymphal development 3-5 days earlier than females. In August 1964Schistocerca nitens, reported as S. vaga (Scudder), was found established on Sand Island, Honolulu, Hawaii, and described as a potential threat (Bianchi 1964). Gilmartin WG, 2005.
Species composition of grasshoppers (Orthoptera) in open plots and farmlands in Calabar Metropolis, Southern Nigeria. As of 2012, these are the only two publications that document the species occurring in the Eastern Hemisphere.
Lockwood, J. At present, S.nitens impact has not been estimated in areas where it causes problems. Acrididae.
Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 22(3):451-456, Branson DH, 2006. is a relatively recent accidental introduction to the Hawaiian Islands (Byther et al., 1971). The status of S. nitens as an invasive destructive species should be given more attention in order to determine its ecological role and its potential benefits as a biotic regulating factor in its wide geographic range. Slifer EH, 1932. A study of the chromosomes in meiosis, fertilization, and cleavage in the grasshopper egg, 45:47-93. A strong flier, can fly great distances, but tends to fly lower and look more clumsy in flight than most other. The external morphogenesis of grasshopper embryos, 43:161-169. Conry PJ; Wallace GE; Leonard Jr DL; Fretz JS, 2010.
It is far more infectious in Orthoptera than the currently registered Beauveria. Thunberg. http://www.ars.usda.gov.d2.nal.usda.gov/Aboutus/docs.htm?docid=8793, USDAARSNPARL, 2012. The species is grey or yellow-brown; tegmina with black spots (mainly in grey specimens) or well-marked mottles. (1993) and Dirsh (1974) reported damage to Gossypium herbaceum (cotton), Medicago sativa (alfalfa), citrus and Musa acuminata (banana). acridum has been developed in Africa and Australia for the control of locusts and is also under development in Brazil, Mexico and China.
Biological control of grasshopper infestations in Durango [ed. The NPARL (Northern Plains Agricultural Research Laboratory)is working to bring the existing isolates into the USA for large-scale field trials in cooperation with USDA APHIS and the University of South Utah (Diaz-Soltero, 2009; Foster et. 273 (1588), 767-774. It was first reported as invasive in the Hawaiian archipelago in 1964 and is now present on all the main Hawaiian islands. Davis CJ, 1972. by Counce, S. J. In Nihoa Island, in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, S. nitens was first detected in 1984. Contributors own the copyright to and are solely responsible for contributed content.Click the contributor's name for licensing and usage information.
Grasshoppers of Wyoming and the West. Male adults are 24 to 46 mm long and females 57 to 66 mm long (Barrientos-Lozano, 2003). In: Insects I. Lockwood JA, McNary TJ, Larsen JC, Zimmerman K, Shambaugh B, Latchininsky A, Herring B, Legg C, 2013. Soil moisture is an environmental requirement for egg development (Latchininsky, 2008). Bentley D; Keshishian H; Shankland M; Toroian-Raymond A, 1979. 1815. New Nebraska Acrididae county records and new state records for Schistocerca nitens (Thunberg) and Trimerotropis melanoptera McNeill.
The S. nitens outbreaks on Nihoa Island, Hawaii, in 2002 and 2004 posed a threat to all the vegetation on the island, especially endangered plant species (Torres-Santana, personal communication; US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2012). Honolulu, Hawaii, USA: US Fish and Wildlife Service, HINWR. Latchininsky (2008) is one of the references that reportedtheplant species affected in the 2002-2004 outbreak in Nihoa Island, Hawaii. Laramie, Wyoming, USA: University of Wyoming/USDA-APHIS-PPQ. Grasshopper and locust control with poisoned baits: a renaissance of the old strategy? In S. gregaria, Tyrer (1970) reported that for 12 pods examined, 49 % of individuals hatched within 2 hours of the first hatchling, and 82% within 3 hours. The distribution of native S. nitens encompasses southwestern North America (Texas to California, Arizona, Wyoming, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Mexico) (Song, 2002; Salas-Araiza et al., 2003; Lockwood et al., 2013), Central America (Nicaragua and Costa Rica) and northern South America, including Colombia(Rowell, 1998; Arroyo-Oquendo et al., 2004; Cardona, 2012), and in the Caribbean Lesser Antilles (S. nitens caribbeana Dirsh) (Bland et al., 2003). Bianchi (1964) reported Ananas comosus (pineapple) and sugarcane Saccharum officinarum leaves as hosts in Hawaii. Evaluation of recent isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae against caged Mormon crickets., USA: USDA APHIS Center for Plant Health Science and Technology (CPHST), 46-47. http://www.aphis.usda.gov.d2.nal.usda.gov/plant_health/cphst/downloads/nwsl/2009 FortCollinsPhoenixLabsAnnualReport.pdf http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/cphst/index.shtml. Five-year Review US Fish and Wildlife Service (Region 1). Biology and ecology of Schistocerca nitens. The flight patterns of adult S.nitens are more precise and faster than the gregarious S. piceifrons (Cano-Santana et al., 2006). DOI:10.1603/0013-8746(2004)097[0420:ROTAGO]2.0.CO;2. Roonwal ML, 1947.
Generate a print friendly version containing only the sections you need. Endangered species in the Pacific islands., USA: US Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office.
Grasshoppers are an ecologically important component of ecosystems in nutrient cycling and in the food web (Branson, 2006). Greathead DJ; Kooyman C; Launois Luong MH; Popov GB, 1994. Grasshoppers of grasslands plains region in Durango, Mexico, 45(3):273-282. Vol. Following the outbreaks of 2002 and 2004 on Nihoa Island, Hawaii, a study of the population of S. nitens was conducted (Latchininsky, 2008). Oku EE; Arong GA; Bassey DA, 2011. Waterbirds, 33(2):193-207. http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1675/063.033.0208, Evenhuis NL; Eldredge LC, 2004.
It has the same brown and black markings as the embryo. Disclaimer: Dedicated naturalists volunteer their time and resources here to provide this service. Dry soil killed eggs. Study on diversity of insect communities at different altitudes of Gunnung Nuang in Selangor, Malaysia, 2:505-507. According to Song (2004), S. nitens is the most problematic species in its group due to its external character similarities with other species and variation within itself. Glogoza PA; Weiss MJ, 1997. Environmental factors affecting the green/brown polymorphism in the Cyrtacanthacridine grasshopper Schistocerca vaga (Scudder). It is mostly brown and gray spotted or patched in cryptic coloration. http://www.sidney.ars.usda.gov/grasshopper/extrnlpg/ghwywest/nmfsscni.htm, USDAARSNPARL, 2012. In 2008 nymphs were 1.5 times as common as adults. Threats posed to rare or endangered insects by invasions of nonnative species. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, B, 226(538):391-421 pp. Species composition of grasshoppers (Orthoptera) in open plots and farmlands in Calabar Metropolis, Southern Nigeria. Under laboratory conditions the species fed on Malvaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Rosaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Salicaceae and Poaceae.
Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 21(2):187-190. Otte D, 1981. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 79(2):146-155. http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/kes, Brust ML; Keim DL; Jenkins TM, 2015. Biology and ecology of Schistocerca nitens [ed. Starr; Starr; Abbott, 2004. Okelo O, 1979. http://www.schistocerca.org/. Rep. Hawaiian Bug. It is also present in parts of Central and South America. The embryological development of the locust., USA: Third report of the US Entomological Commission, 263-285. Variation in species composition is believed to be related to lizard predation and agricultural management practices; without human land use, populations would be larger (Oku et al., 2011). yr round in CA-AZ, TX. S. nitens has spread to the other islands such as Mokumanamana, the French Frigate Shoals and Lisiansky Island. Arroyo Oquendo C; Mexzn RG; Mora Urp J, 2004. In Hawaii the Millerbird Acrocephalus familiaris kingi is a predator of S. nitens. 
Insect development. Montpellier (France), CIRAD PRIFAS, 1994, 147 pp. In the Region de Los Llanos (plains region) ofDurango, Mexico, where S. nitens is found, annual mean rainfall is 457 mm and the annual mean temperature 17 C. S.nitens is sympatric with the Central American gregarious locust S.piceifrons (Wlk.). Journal of Range Management, 35(1):53-56. The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. Packard AS, 1883. One or more of the features that are needed to show you the maps functionality are not available in the web browser that you are using. Oedipodinae. (2008), Wind dispersal. It is a troublesome invasive species in Hawaii. Sugarcane harvest could force displaced insects to invade new areasand thereby possibly spread sugarcane smut whips. Detailed coverage of invasive species threatening livelihoods and the environment worldwide. Quiros M, Cranz L, 1977. In: Grasshoppers of grasslands plains region in Durango, Mexico, 45 (3) 273-282. In: Control biologico de plagas de chapulin en el norte-centro de Mexico, Capitulo I. Taxonomia y bioecologia.) Volcano, Hawaii, USA: Hawaii Wildlife Fund. Song HJ, 2004. Schistocerca nitens (gray bird grasshopper); adult at rest. [ed. Pacific Islands Office, USA: US Fish and Wildlife Service. Widespread species in this group, such as S. nitens, have local populations adapted to specific habitats (Song, 2004), which, along with morphological similarities and inadequate taxonomic methods (i.e.
Torres-Santana CW, 2012. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 97(3):420-436. USDA-ARS. Harvard University Press London United Kingdom, xii + 275 pp. Wheeler WM, 1893. In the southern USA/Mexico region where they overlap, S. nitens and S. americana can be confused by their spotted tegmina and in instances when S. nitens is brown instead of grey; however, S. americanas hind femora lack S. nitens distinct crossbands. Adults are hardy andlong-lived. Their liberation and dispersal, 4:302 pp. Bianchi FA, 1964. Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2004-2005.
http://www.ars.usda.gov/Research/docs.htm?docid=11897, Wagner DL; Driesche RGvan, 2010. Approximately, the species showed 2 generations per year. ), and maturing from late spring till late summer or early autumn. A manual of the grasshoppers of New Mexico Orthoptera: Acrididae and Romaleidae. Johannsen OA; Butt FH, 1941. The Hague, The, Netherlands: Dr. W. Junk B.V. vii + 238 pp. Biological control of grasshopper infestations in Durango. USA. Laboratory rearing of S. nitens (Thunberg) (Latchininsky, 2008) yielded five nymphal instars. Yellow, lipid yolk droplets (Mahowald, 1972) are initially uniform in size about 20 5mm in diameter. Mottled specimens show a dorsal longitudinal yellow band on the pronotum extending to the metadona. Informe final SNIB-CONABIO proyecto No. Data on natural enemies in the regulation of S.nitens populationsare scarce (Latchininsky, 2008). Researchers are also testing promising pathogens for their potential as biocontrol agents for grasshoppers, as well as examining the insects dietary preferences during different life stages, which could ultimately lead to new cultural methods for curbing population growth (USDA-ARS NPARL, 2012a).