23) Real-time Analysis of African Political Violence, February 2014", Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives, "Preserving American Security Ties to Somalia,", Changed Arab attitudes to Somalia Conflict, United Nations Sanctions Committee on Somalia: Documents, Operation Enduring Freedom Horn of Africa, Advance of the Islamic Courts Union (2006), 2007 Mogadishu TransAVIAexport Airlines Il-76 crash, 2018 African Union base attack in Bulo Marer, 2009 African Union base bombings in Mogadishu, Postage stamps and postal history of British Somaliland, List of colonial governors of British Somaliland, Insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile, ECOWAS military intervention in the Gambia, Length of U.S. participation in major wars, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Somali_Civil_War&oldid=1098119813, Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Africa, Articles with dead external links from June 2016, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from June 2020, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using military navigation subgroups without wide style, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. 2016 February - African Union leaders agree on need for more funding and support for their military presence in Somalia after weeks of increased Al-Shabab attacks on public spaces and pro-government troops.
Conflict between radical Islamists and the government, Federal Government of Somalia and Federal Member States, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, United Nations Security Council Resolution 794, Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, International Institute for Strategic Studies, Intergovernmental Authority on Development, Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia, American military intervention in Somalia (2007present), Consolidation of states within Somalia (19982006), "The significance of Turkey's overseas military bases", "US special forces base, Italian army convoy attacked in Somalia", "Al-Shabaab leader's fate unclear after suspected U.S. drone strike", "U.S. drone strike in Somalia targets al-Shabab leader", "First British troops arrive in Somalia as part of UN mission", "ISIL's First East African Affiliate Conducts Attacks in Somalia, Kenya", "Somalia: Pro-ISIL militants, Al Shabaab clash in deadly Puntland infighting", "UN senior official calls for widespread support for Somali Government reform efforts", "Richard B. Cheney - George H.W. 2009 October - Al-Shabab recaptures the southern port of Kismayo after defeating the rival Hizbul-Islam militia. Somalia topped the annual Fragile States Index for six years from 2008 up to and including 2013. 1977 - Somalia invades the Somali-inhabited Ogaden region of Ethiopia. [120] The resolution permitted the Somali government to purchase light weapons, with the stipulation that all member states must take steps to prevent the direct or indirect supply, transfer or sale of arms and military equipment to individuals or entities outside of the Somali security forces. 2005: The transitional government begins to return to Somalia, but there are still bitter divisions among members. The parliamentary speaker led some members to Mogadishu while the president and others remained in Nairobi. The ICU then splintered into more radical groups, notably al-Shabaab, which have since been fighting the Somali government and the AU-mandated AMISOM peacekeeping force for control of the country. [40] The remainder of the government's forces then finally collapsed. 2013 September - International donors promise 2.4 billion dollars in reconstruction aid in three-year ''New Deal''. 1940 - Italians occupy British Somaliland. Society, Security, Sovereignty and the State in Somalia: From Statelessness to Statelessness? [31] The Federal Government of Somalia was established in August 2012, constituting the country's first permanent central government since the start of the civil war. 200609: Transitional Federal GovernmentEthiopia AMISOMAllied armed groups: 200609: [112] They are mandated to work alongside the Somali National Army, with responsibility for the allied forces' operations in the southern Gedo, Bakool and Bay regions. After a two-year consultation process, the TFG was formed in 2004 by Somali politicians in Nairobi under the auspices of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD). 2006: The transitional government meets for the first time since 2004 in the town of Baidoa. 197891: It was attended by the area's political elite, traditional elders (Issims), members of the business community, intellectuals and other civil society representatives. Deadly fighting breaks out in Mogadishu between warring militias, killing and wounding several. Additionally, the Ministry of Interior was prepared to support and put into place programs to assist local administration and security. The clampdown included the bombing of cities, with the northwestern administrative center of Hargeisa, a Somali National Movement (SNM) stronghold, among the targeted areas in 1988. Air strikes in south against al-Qaeda figures are first direct US military intervention in Somalia since 1993. [108] The unit was formed at the request of the Somali government and AMISOM, who had approached U.S. Department of Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel in September about the possibility. 2013 June - Veteran Al-Shabab leader Sheikh Hassan Dahir Aweys is taken into custody by government troops after he is ousted by more extreme Al-Shabab figure Ahmed Abdi Godane. 13th-17th centuries - Ajuran Sultanate dominates much of the Horn of Africa before collapsing into rival regional sultanates. Barre tried to quell the unrest by abandoning appeals to nationalism, relying more and more on his own inner circle, and exploiting historical clan animosities. Although Barre managed to recover enough to present himself for reelection to a seven-year term on December 23, 1986, his poor health and advanced age led to speculation about who would succeed him. [20] The clan-based armed opposition groups overthrew the Barre government in 1991. Forming the Unified Task Force (UNITAF), the alliance was tasked with assuring security until humanitarian efforts aimed at stabilizing the situation were transferred to the UN. [22] This led to a relative decrease in the intensity of the fighting, with the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute removing Somalia from its list of major armed conflicts for 1997 and 1998. Thousands of Somalis flee to Kenya to escape drought, famine and fighting. 1974-75 - Severe drought causes widespread starvation. In 2007, Menkhaus wrote that 'armed conflict in Somalia has generally subsided since the early 1990s. In June 2005, under pressure from Kenya, the remainder of the TFG left Nairobi for Jowhar. United Nations Security Council, Report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea pursuant to Security Council Resolution 2002 (2011), S/2012/544, p.226. [92], As a truce, in March 2009, Somalia's coalition government announced that it would re-implement shari'a as the nation's official judicial system. [111], Following the adoption of UN Security Council Resolution 2124, which authorized the deployment of 4,000 additional troops to augment AMISOM's 22,126 strong force, Ethiopian troops formally joined the mission in January 2014. [24] The UN withdrew in 1995, having incurred large casualties and the UN-created police force collapsed. Arthur S. Banks, Thomas C. Muller, William Overstreet. [105], In January 2013, AMISOM's mandate was extended for another year following the adoption of UNSC Resolution 2093. 2011 July - UN formally declares famine in three regions of Somalia. After Somalia lost the Ogaden War in March 1978, the president's popularity with Somalis plummeted and widespread discontent among his generals led to an attempted coup d'tat on the 10th of April 1978. [70], In 1998, a homegrown constitutional conference was held in the northeastern town of Garowe over a period of three months. [64], After UNOSOM II's departure in March 1995, military clashes between local factions became shorter, generally less intense, and more localized. To understand what we can do to help the refugee crisis of Somalia; we must first understand the history behind the present events.
[26] In 2006, Ethiopian troops seized most of the south from the newly formed Islamic Courts Union (ICU). The fight between two warring clans ends with thousands of civilians dead or wounded. 2008 May - The UN Security Council allows countries to send warships to Somalia's territorial waters to tackle pirates. The government then relocated to the capital from its interim location in Baidoa. However, the ICU won a decisive victory in June of that year. Fighting in the city reportedly displaced 90,000. [21], With the help of AMISOM, the coalition government also began a counteroffensive in February 2009 to assume full control of the southern half of the country. 1964 - Border dispute with Ethiopia erupts into hostilities.
Not to mention the aftermath of COVID-19 in Somalia. "The Leading Factions Behind the Somali Insurgency". [68], Fighting continued in the later half of 1995 in southern Kismayo and the Juba Valley, as well as southwestern and central Somalia.
[84] Throughout 2007 and 2008, Al-Shabaab scored military victories, seizing control of key towns and ports in both central and southern Somalia. [104] After a three-day battle, Somali government forces were able to gain control of the city. [25] In 1991 and 1998, two autonomous regional governments were also established in the northern part of the country. 1991 - Mohamed Siad Barre is ousted. Al-Shabaab 1860s - France acquires foothold on the Somali coast, later to become Djibouti. I. M. Lewis. [21], Various armed factions began competing for influence in the power vacuum and turmoil that followed, particularly in the south. 2016 November - Leaders of two Somali regions, Puntland and Galmudug, agree to respect a ceasefire in the disputed city of Galkayo. [41][43], In 1988, Siad Barre and Ethiopian dictator Mengistu Haile Mariam agreed to a secret deal whereby each would cease hosting insurgencies of one another. It has also attacked many cities in Kenya and Djibouti, killing several innocent civilians. [40] It also played a major role in developing piracy in Somalia. 1, Spring 1996, 52. 
(Interpeace, 104), A battle for Mogadishu followed in the first half of 2006 in which the ARPCT, a coalition of U.S.-backed militia leaders, confronted the ascendant Islamic Courts Union (ICU). However, they were driven out by the Rahanweyn Resistance Army in June 1999. By the mid-1980s, more resistance movements supported by Ethiopia's communist Derg administration had sprung up across the country. 2007 March - African Union troops land in Mogadishu amid pitched battles between Islamist insurgents and government forces backed by Ethiopian troops, after UN Security Council authorised six-month peacekeeping mission. Sri Lankan forces raid anti-government camp, Tense scenes in Sri Lanka - BBC reporter on the ground. Barre expels Soviet advisers and gains support of United States. 2017 October - Double truck bombing kills 350 people in Mogadishu. [114] The following month, the UN Somalia and Eritrea Monitoring Group reported that systematic abuses by Somali government officials had allowed weapons to be diverted away from Somalia's security forces into the hands of faction leaders and Al-Shabaab militants. 2001: The United Nations declares that it will be pulling its international staff and aid workers from Somalia because of the dangerous fighting conditions and attempts at kidnapping. 2017 February - Parliament elects former prime minister Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed, known as Farmajo, as president. 2012 February-May - Al-Shabab loses key towsn of Baidoa and Afgoye to Kenyan, African Union and Somali government forces. Al-Shabab threatens to target anyone collaborating with him. 1887 - Britain proclaims protectorate over Somaliland. 1995 - UN peacekeepers leave, having failed to achieve their mission. (Interpeace, 104), In December 2006, Ethiopian troops entered Somalia to assist the TFG against the advancing Islamic Courts Union,[21] initially winning the Battle of Baidoa. Report of the Secretary-General on the Situation in Somalia, S/1997/135, February 17, 1997, paragraphs 6,7, and 9. [86], Due to a lack of funding and human resources, an arms embargo that made it difficult to re-establish a national security force, and general indifference on the part of the international community,[citation needed] President Yusuf found himself obliged to deploy thousands of troops from Puntland to Mogadishu to sustain the battle against insurgent elements in the southern part of the country. [51], By mid-1990, United Somali Congress (USC) rebels had captured most towns and villages surrounding Mogadishu, which prompted some to give Barre the ironic title 'Mayor of Mogadishu. Video, Tense scenes in Sri Lanka - BBC reporter on the ground, 'We've spent years preparing our Comic-Con costumes' Video, 'We've spent years preparing our Comic-Con costumes', Russia 'looting' steel bound for Europe and UK, India patient airlifted from US in 26-hour-flight, Trump ignored pleas to condemn riot - hearing, Russia about to run out of steam in Ukraine - MI6, Cheetahs to prowl India for first time in 70 years. It consists of a team of fewer than five advisers, including planners and communicators between the Somali authorities and AMISOM. A Kenyan-led AMISOM force, backed by the Raskamboni movement, then launched an offensive against Kismayo on September 28, 2012. A Modern History of the Somali: Nation and State in the Horn of Africa, Athens: Ohio University Press, 2002. The Security Council also unanimously voted to suspend Somalia's arms embargo on light weapons for one year and welcomed the Federal Government's development of a new national security strategy, urging the central authorities to accelerate the plan's implementation, further define the Somali national security forces' composition, and identify capability gaps to assist their international partners in better addressing them. [40] Among these other opposition movements were the Somali Patriotic Movement (SPM) and Somali Democratic Alliance (SDA), a Gadabuursi group which had been formed in the northwest to counter the Somali National Movement Isaaq militia.