A., Pedersen, C., Schultz-Larsen, T., Kwaaitaal, M., Jorgensen, H. J., and Thordal-Christensen, H. (2015). Sci. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.06.054, Nakai, M. (2018). Commun. The E3 ligase APIP10 connects the effector AvrPiz-t to the NLR receptor piz-t in rice. Individual values (n = 9) are indicated by dots. Frost-damaged plants are vulnerable to insects and diseases, so if you want to restore your plant, you must do something fast. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publication. ZDYF2018240), National Key Basic Research Plan of China (2011CB111612), Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation Innovation Research Team Project (2016CXTD002), China Agriculture Research System (No. For callose deposition visualization, rubber tree or N. benthamiana leaves were washed with double distilled water (ddH2O) and soaked in 95% ethanol, followed by boiling in water to clear the chlorophyll. Fundamental knowledge about its associated pathogen is urgently needed to develop advanced disease control techniques. The positive control is a combination of pGADT7-T and pGBKT7-53. Marcel is also the founder of Iseli International Commerce, a sole proprietorship company that publishes a variety of websites and online magazines. DAB staining was used to detect ROS accumulations. Therefore, if you detect them, treat them right away. YPRAAA medium was used for assay for invertase secretion. Categories Pest Control, Plant Care, Plant Diseases, 4 Reasons Why Strawberry Leaves Turn Brown. After transformation, yeast cells were plated on CMD minus Trp (CMD-W) plates (0.67% yeast nitrogen base without amino acids, 0.075% Trp DO supplement (Takara-Clontech, Japan), 2% sucrose, 0.1% glucose, and 2% agar) to confirm the transformation of the vector into the yeast strain. Powdery mildew is caused by different fungal species. J. Proteome Res. Your rubber plant will not need the same amount of water that it requires before. We also show that this effector inhibits ABA biosynthesis, and that in H. brasiliensis ABA is a positive regulator of the plant immune response against powdery mildew. The resulting proteins were then analyzed by western blot using anti-GFP, anti-RFP, anti--actin, and anti-Rubisco antibodies. Identification of the p53 protein domain involved in formation of the simian virus 40 large T-antigen-p53 protein complex. As I have discussed in this article, white spots on the leaves of your rubber plant can have several causes. White arrows indicate the chloroplast-localized EqCSEP01276SP. The powdery mildew disease can be divided into three stages: For the treatment of fungal diseases. The other sets were used as negative controls. As oedema usually happens due to reduced transpiration on the surfaces of the leaves and a high level of soil moisture, you need to cut back on watering your rubber plant. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2007.02.028, Jones, J. D., and Dangl, J. L. (2006). doi: 10.1126/science.1164627, de Torres-Zabala, M., Truman, W., Bennett, M. H., Lafforgue, G., Mansfield, J. W., Rodriguez Egea, P., et al. Mix half a teaspoon of non-detergent soap and one tablespoon baking soda in a gallon of water. As pH levels change rapidly, you need to check the pH levels of your soil regularly. When it comes to preventing diseases among houseplants, sanitation is key! In this article, Im going to walk you through the causes of white spots on your rubber plant and how you can address each to bring back the health of your endeared houseplant.

Proteasome-mediated turnover of the transcription coactivator NPR1 plays dual roles in regulating plant immunity. Some CSEPs from barley and wheat powdery mildew fungi can target plant immunity-associated proteins, including stress related small heat shock protein chaperones (HSP16.9 and HSP17.5) (Ahmed et al., 2015) and pathogen-related proteins (PR5 and PR10) (Pennington et al., 2016, 2019).

You can remove the coverings the following day, but only if the temperature has risen. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae YTK12 strain was cultured at 30C in YPD medium. Supplementary Figure 4 | Sequence alignment of NCED proteins in Hevea brasiliensis. You can also use mouthwash to treat the white spots caused due to powdery mildew. Figure 1. Asterisks indicate significant differences (P < 0.01). In this assay, the proteins in chloroplasts were separately extracted from N. benthamiana leaves expressing EqCSEP01276SP-GFP. In rubber plants, the development of white spots, along with other symptoms, is among the telltale signs of nutrient deficiency. Front Plant Sci. We show that EqCSEP01276 is a secreted protein and is able to disturb the localization of 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase 5 (HbNCED5), a key enzyme in abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis in plant cell chloroplasts of H. brasiliensis. doi: 10.15252/embj.201694248, Zhang, M., Su, J., Zhang, Y., Xu, J., and Zhang, S. (2018). Conveying endogenous and exogenous signals: MAPK cascades in plant growth and defense. (2019). When secreted effectors are recognized by the host resistance gene products, another layer of immunity is triggered, known as effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Rubber plants can attract fungal and bacterial pathogens that can cause leaf spots. Microb. Transformants were cultured in liquid CMD-W medium for 24 h at 30C. Deficiency Symptoms: Similar to iron deficiency, theres yellowing that starts at the veins. 56, 14721480. Treat magnesium deficiency by adding dolomite fertilizer, which is rich in magnesium. } Three independent replicates with three areas per replicate were examined. Rev. (2016). Further, analysis reveals that in H. brasiliensis ABA can induce a defense response against powdery mildew, and EqCSEP01276 inhibits ABA biosynthesis by targeting an NCED, HbNCED5. The untransformed YTK12 and YTK12 carrying the pSUC2 vector were used as negative controls. Take your rubber plant outside and use a water hose to dust it off. (2016). Remove the excess fertilizer on the soil of your rubber plant. Interactions between the powdery mildew effector BEC1054 and barley proteins identify candidate host targets. To confirm this further, chloroplast proteins extracted from leaves expressing the proteins of interest were subjected to western blot analysis. Nature 444, 323329. Oedema is a condition due to physiological upset in the water balance of your plant. Int. doi: 10.21769/bioprotoc.1257, Liyanage, K. K., Khan, S., Brooks, S., Mortimer, P. E., Karunarathna, S. C., Xu, J., et al. You can also add fertilizers with zinc sulfate, which has higher zinc content. U.S.A. 113, E6486E6495. Untransformed YTK12 and empty pSUC2 vectors were used as negative controls. (D) The number of callose fluorescent spots per 1 mm2 area were analyzed using ImageJ software. (2008). Do not let oedema develop in your rubber plant by maintaining an environment that does not favor the condition. Moreover, we did not detect an interaction between EqCSEP01276 and full-size HbNCED (accession: MF375917.1), another NCED protein from H. brasiliensis, by co-immunoprecipitation and the yeast two hybrid assay (Figures 6A,B), implying the specificity of the interaction between EqCSEP01276 and HbNCED5. Each image of GFP, RFP, or chlorophyll channel was photographed by using the Z-stack tool of confocal fluorescence microscopy to scan one leaf area containing epidermal and mesophyll cells. }, Three independent replicates with three areas per replicate were examined. The barley powdery mildew candidate secreted effector protein CSEP0105 inhibits the chaperone activity of a small heat shock protein. 16 Articles, This article is part of the Research Topic, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.591387, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2020.591387/full#supplementary-material, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY).

Microb. Bio Protoc.

EqCSEP01276 suppressed reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst in Hevea brasiliensis mesophyll cell protoplasts. doi: 10.1093/pcp/pcy083, Nambara, E., and Marion-Poll, A. Bars = 50 m.

] The white spots may emerge as a white powdery layer all over the leaves and shoots. Mean values are indicated by . Median values are indicated by the middle line. Successful activation of plant immunity requires a complex signaling network that involves mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, Ca2+-dependent pathway, and growth-controlling hormones such as salicylic acid (SA), jasmonate, and abscisic acid (ABA) (Vlot et al., 2009; Shigenaga et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2018). These results suggest that EqCSEP01276 can suppress INF1-induced defense responses. How the causal agent, Erysiphe quercicola, establishes successful infection in rubber trees is largely unknown. Science 323, 95101. (2016). This has made the development of suitable disease control strategies challenging. Individual values (n = 9) are indicated by dots. Regulation of the NADPH oxidase RBOHD during plant immunity. doi: 10.1038/nature05286, Kadota, Y., Shirasu, K., and Zipfel, C. (2015). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Excess salt in the water can generate root rot and can pollute the roots and soil. Physiol. Other pests, specifically cottony cushion scale and mealybugs, cause white spots by leaving a cotton-like appearance on the surface of leaves. Too much water produces pressure that triggers the cells in the leaves to increase and burst. (2012). If youve noticed some light spots with a dark rim on the leaves or some tiny, water-soaked spots, your rubber plant may be suffering from bacterial leaf spots. Our results show that in plant cells EqCSEP01276 prevents HbNCED5 from targeting chloroplasts but does not reduce the total amount of HbNCED5. Abscisic acid has both positive and negative roles in plant immunity regulation depending on the type of pathogens, the tissues, growth stages, and the environment (Shigenaga et al., 2017). doi: 10.1104/pp.124.3.1437, Jelenska, J., Yao, N., Vinatzer, B. Towards engineering of hormonal crosstalk in plant immunity. My names Arifur and I am an Agriculturist. It has been reported that the murine p53 protein domain forms a complex with the 40 large T-antigen (Tan et al., 1986). Meanwhile, if youre seeing brown leaves or white-like corky growths, you may be dealing with oedema. It is a natural process for rubber plants and you should not worry about it. We found that HbNCED5-RFP displayed a punctate pattern of distribution (Figure 5C) different only from RFP, which was evenly distributed in the cytosol, as previously described (Lee et al., 2008). Molecular identification of the powdery mildew fungus infecting rubber trees in China. "text": "Mealybugs and spider mites are the two most frequent pests that cause white spots on rubber plants. The pests extract the sap out of the plant, which weakens the plant, leading to white spots, stunted growth, and many other troubles. Bar = 10 m. Rubber plants can attract the common houseplant pests spider mites, scale, aphids, and mealybugs. 12:e1005529. The importation of proteins into chloroplasts is facilitated by a series of TOC receptors, such as Toc159 or Toc33/34, which are bound to the outer envelope membrane of the chloroplast and are exposed to the cytoplasm (Demarsy et al., 2014; Nakai, 2018), and after proteins are recognized by Toc receptors, they are transported into chloroplast via a channel formed by Toc75 (Nakai, 2018). Look at your plant frequently and observe for any symptoms of pests. Asterisks indicate significant differences (P < 0.01). Moreover, we assume that the role of ABA in immunity may vary according to the types of PAMPs recognized by the plants. doi: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2018.06.003, Park, C. H., Chen, S., Shirsekar, G., Zhou, B., Khang, C. H., Songkumarn, P., et al. Supplementary Figure 1 | Determinations of ROS accumulation and HR in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. The yeast two-hybrid assay was also conducted with HbNCED5 as bait and EqCSEP01276 as prey. XL, YL, and WM analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript. This also helps to reduce humidity levels. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1612947113, Lu, Y., and Yao, J. H. brasiliensis is widely cultivated as a cash crop in tropical and sub-tropical areas of Asia and South America (Berthelot et al., 2016). HbNCED5 contains a putative N-terminal chloroplast transit peptide (aa 149), which was analyzed by ChloroP 1.1 Server3 (Supplementary Table 3), and HbNCED5 probably has a chloroplast localization. For rubber plants, frost or cold damage can manifest through white spots on their leaf surfaces. Therefore, if you detect them, treat them right away.

Frost can cause devastating damage to your rubber plant. EqCSEP01276SP cDNA was fused into the sPYNE-NYFP vector to generate the 35S-EqCSEP01276SP-NYFP plasmid, and HbNCED5 cDNA was fused into the sPYCE-CYFP vector to generate the 35S- HbNCED5-CYFP plasmid. (2008). Meanwhile, GFP alone was used as a control to remove the non-specific proteins bound to the GFP-tag. doi: 10.1105/tpc.109.068247, Owji, H., Nezafat, N., Negahdaripour, M., Hajiebrahimi, A., and Ghasemi, Y. Extra salts support the growth of fungus by offering them the atmosphere they love. Dont use tap water as it contains chemicals like chlorine which can further harm the plant. (2015). Different combinations of plasmids were introduced into N. benthamiana leaf cells by GV3101-mediated transformation. The representative images were captured at 7 days post-inoculation. Plant immunity requires conformational changes [corrected] of NPR1 via S-nitrosylation and thioredoxins. Localizations of EqCSEP01276 and HbNCED5 in plant cells. The predicted signal peptide of Avr1b was used as a positive control. 168, 321333. In contrast, ROS production was strongly induced at sites sprayed with inactivated spores. You can also improve air circulation by pruning your rubber plant. Bar = 10 m.

Other than yellow, purplish pigment may also develop on leaves. doi: 10.1104/pp.122.4.1379, Berthelot, K., Peruch, F., and Lecomte, S. (2016). doi: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.06.006, Bourras, S., McNally, K. E., Ben-David, R., Parlange, F., Roffler, S., Praz, C. R., et al. Individual values (n = 9) are indicated by dots. 49:e12519. Solutions: Add Iron chelates on the soil or mix them with water and spray on the plants surfaces. (2019). Powdery mildew is a devastating disease of rubber trees. Adding organic matter and keeping it mulch can also help improve the nutrients in your soil. If you have overfed your plant severely, wash it properly and transfer it to new, fresh soil. { 8:719. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00719, Kuyyogsuy, A., Deenamo, N., Khompatara, K., Ekchaweng, K., and Churngchow, N. J. P. (2018). Your rubber plants large leaves can easily catch dust because of their big surface area. J. (2005). Asterisks indicate significant differences (P < 0.01). This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. In addition, callose formation induced by 10 M (GlcNAc)7 was severely inhibited when 100 M tungstate, an inhibitor of ABA biosynthesis (Hansen and Grossmann, 2000), was infiltrated into leaves (Supplementary Figures 3A,B). This is especially true during cool temperatures in the late winter. The young H. brasiliensis leaves with an exogenous treatment of ABA (50, 100, and 150 M) or ddH2O (ABA solvent), were inoculated with E. quercicola spores (1 106/mL). CARS-33-GW-BC1), and Special fund for Basic Scientific Research of the Institute of Tropical Biotechnology, Central Public-Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund for Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (No. For rubber plants, a sign of fertilizer problem is the development of white spots on their leaves. When buying houseplants make sure to examine the foliage from top to bottom to ensure youre not bringing any pest home, as they can easily spread to all your houseplants. Live and inactivated spores (inactivated by boiling in water) of E. quercicola were suspended at a concentration of 1 106/mL and sprayed on young leaves of H. brasiliensis. Abscisic acid biosynthesis and catabolism. This results in burned or scorched leaves and stunted growth. tomato hijacks the Arabidopsis abscisic acid signalling pathway to cause disease. EqCSEP01276SP-GFP and HbNCED5-FLAG were co-expressed in N. benthamiana leaves and co-immunoprecipitation was conducted using anti-GFP beads. EqCSEP01276SP-GFP expression suppressed the ABA content elevation induced by (GlcNAc)7.

When the Z-stack tool function is activated, multiple layers of one leaf area containing leaf epidemic and chlorophyll cells are scanned to generate each image. Asterisks indicate significant differences (P < 0.01). Plant Sci. The most common pests are mealy bugs and spider mites. When this happens, water-soaked spots emerge as swollen areas on the epidermis of the leaves.