[39], The U.S. Institute of Medicine (IOM) updated Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for phosphorus in 1997.

An excess of phosphorus can also be problematic, especially in aquatic systems where eutrophication sometimes leads to algal blooms. [82][83] Production in several countries was banned between 1872 and 1925. Symptoms of hypophosphatemia include neurological dysfunction and disruption of muscle and blood cells due to lack of ATP. The Chemistry of Phosphorus, by Arthur Toy. Be arrested (if necessary)", "Managing Phosphorus for Crop Production", "Phosphorus Necrosis of the Jaw: A Present-day Study: With Clinical and Biochemical Studies", "A history of the match industry. In both systems, teenagers need more than adults. [97] The European Food Safety Authority reviewed the same safety question and decided that there was not sufficient information to set a UL.[98].

An average adult human contains about 0.7kg of phosphorus, about 8590% in bones and teeth in the form of apatite, and the remainder in soft tissues and extracellular fluids (~1%).

In consequence, phosphorous matches were gradually replaced by safer alternatives. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set the phosphorus exposure limit (Permissible exposure limit) in the workplace at 0.1mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday. Nelson, D. L.; Cox, M. M. "Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry" 3rd Ed. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York; 2010; p. 379. [99][100] A table of the old and new adult daily values is provided at Reference Daily Intake. The phosphorus content increases from about 0.5% by mass in infancy to 0.651.1% by mass in adults. For example, milk, meat, and soya typically also have phosphorus. Average phosphorus concentration in the blood is about 0.4g/L, about 70% of that is organic and 30% inorganic phosphates.

For people ages 15 and older, including pregnancy and lactation, the AI is set at 550mg/day. When struck, small amounts of abrasion from match head and striker strip are mixed intimately to make a small quantity of Armstrong's mixture, a very touch sensitive composition. (1997). [104], Phosphorus can reduce elemental iodine to hydroiodic acid, which is a reagent effective for reducing ephedrine or pseudoephedrine to methamphetamine. They were poisonous to the workers in manufacture,[81] sensitive to storage conditions, toxic if ingested, and hazardous when accidentally ignited on a rough surface. [78][79] Phosphorus is added to metallic copper during its smelting process to react with oxygen present as an impurity in copper and to produce phosphorus-containing copper (CuOFP) alloys with a higher hydrogen embrittlement resistance than normal copper.[80]. Too much phosphate can lead to diarrhoea and calcification (hardening) of organs and soft tissue, and can interfere with the body's ability to use iron, calcium, magnesium, and zinc. Klein, Cornelis and Cornelius S. Hurlbut, Jr.. D. E. C. Corbridge "Phosphorus: An Outline of its Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Technology" 5th Edition Elsevier: Amsterdam 1995. In dark surroundings, fragments are seen as luminescent spots. This is the key safety advantage as it prevents accidental ignition. [91], Every living cell is encased in a membrane that separates it from its surroundings. [15] Biochemists commonly use the abbreviation "Pi" to refer to inorganic phosphate. These matches (and subsequent modifications) were made with heads of white phosphorus, an oxygen-releasing compound (potassium chlorate, lead dioxide, or sometimes nitrate), and a binder. Calcium phosphate salts assist in stiffening bones. The White Phosphorus Matches Prohibition Act, 1908. Cellular membranes are composed of a phospholipid matrix and proteins, typically in the form of a bilayer. Greenwood, N. N.; & Earnshaw, A. If there is not sufficient information to establish EARs and RDAs, an estimate designated Adequate Intake (AI) is used instead. Heal, H. G. "The Inorganic Heterocyclic Chemistry of Sulfur, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus" Academic Press: London; 1980. According to the recent US Navy's Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries: FM8-285: Part 2 Conventional Military Chemical Injuries, "Cupric (copper(II)) sulfate has been used by U.S. personnel in the past and is still being used by some nations. Shriver, Atkins. Inorganic Chemistry, Fifth Edition. The current EAR for phosphorus for people ages 19 and up is 580mg/day. For children ages 410 the AI is 440mg/day, and for ages 1117 it is 640mg/day. White phosphorus is toxic, causing severe liver damage on ingestion and may cause a condition known as "Smoking Stool Syndrome". 2H2O) produced reacting sulfuric acid and water with calcium phosphate. Particles often can be located by their emission of smoke when air strikes them, or by their phosphorescence in the dark.

At levels of 5mg/m3, phosphorus is immediately dangerous to life and health. Phospholipids are the main structural components of all cellular membranes.

As for safety, the IOM sets Tolerable upper intake levels (ULs) for vitamins and minerals when evidence is sufficient. The RDA is 700mg/day. [15], The white phosphorus allotrope presents a significant hazard because it ignites in air and produces phosphoric acid residue. Most inorganic phosphates are relatively nontoxic and essential nutrients.

[86], Inorganic phosphorus in the form of the phosphate PO34 is required for all known forms of life. [76] Organophosphorus compounds have many applications, including in plasticisers, flame retardants, pesticides, extraction agents, nerve agents and water treatment. ), Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann. People can be exposed to phosphorus in the workplace by inhalation, ingestion, skin contact, and eye contact. However, copper sulfate is toxic and its use will be discontinued. The strip contains non-toxic red phosphorus and the match head potassium chlorate, an oxygen-releasing compound. [15][77], Phosphorus is also an important component in steel production, in the making of phosphor bronze, and in many other related products. [96], The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) refers to the collective set of information as Dietary Reference Values, with Population Reference Intake (PRI) instead of RDA, and Average Requirement instead of EAR. DO NOT apply oily-based ointments until it is certain that all WP has been removed. Only about 0.1% of body phosphate circulates in the blood, paralleling the amount of phosphate available to soft tissue cells. The main food sources for phosphorus are the same as those containing protein, although proteins do not contain phosphorus. [106][107][108], This article is about the chemical element. AI and UL defined the same as in United States. [102], In the past, external exposure to elemental phosphorus was treated by washing the affected area with 2% copper sulfate solution to form harmless compounds that are then washed away. Mark, J. E.; Allcock, H. R.; West, R. "Inorganic Polymers" Prentice Hall, Englewood, NJ: 1992. The fine powder ignites immediately and provides the initial spark to set off the match head. The manual suggests instead "a bicarbonate solution to neutralise phosphoric acid, which will then allow removal of visible white phosphorus. Copper sulfate may produce kidney and cerebral toxicity as well as intravascular hemolysis."[103]. For people ages 118 years the RDA increases with age from 460 to 1250mg/day. Safety matches separate the two components of the ignition mixture until the match is struck.

and weaponised as nerve agents against enemy humans. For a time these safer strike-anywhere matches were quite popular but in the long run they were superseded by the modern safety match. FR page 33982", "Daily Value Reference of the Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD)", Phosphorus in diet: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia, "CBRNE Incendiary Agents, White Phosphorus (Smoking Stool Syndrome)", "US Navy's Treatment of Chemical Agent Casualties and Conventional Military Chemical Injuries: FM8-285: Part 2 Conventional Military Chemical Injuries", "CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Phosphorus (yellow)", "21 USC, Chapter 13 (Controlled Substances Act)", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&oldid=1096012143, Biology and pharmacology of chemical elements, Chemical elements with body-centered cubic structure, Articles with dead external links from March 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, white, red, violet, black and others (see, white, red and violet are waxy, black is metallic-looking, red: 689.2863K (416590C, 780.81094F), Manufacturing of additives and pesticides, Phosphates are used to make special glasses for, Phosphoric acid made from elemental phosphorus is used in food applications such as, This page was last edited on 1 July 2022, at 18:43. The main component of bone is hydroxyapatite as well as amorphous forms of calcium phosphate, possibly including carbonate. Nonetheless, safety matches, invented in 1844 by Gustaf Erik Pasch and market ready by the 1860s, didn't gain consumer acceptance until the prohibition of white phosphorus. [95], Phosphorus is an essential macromineral for plants, which is studied extensively in edaphology to understand plant uptake from soil systems. Water fluoridation enhances the resistance of teeth to decay by the partial conversion of this mineral to the still harder material called fluoroapatite:[15], In medicine, phosphate deficiency syndrome may be caused by malnutrition, by failure to absorb phosphate, and by metabolic syndromes that draw phosphate from the blood (such as in refeeding syndrome after malnutrition[94]) or passing too much of it into the urine. "[note 1][citation needed] As white phosphorus readily mixes with oils, any oily substances or ointments are not recommended until the area is thoroughly cleaned and all white phosphorus removed. Be brave. All are characterised by hypophosphatemia, which is a condition of low levels of soluble phosphate levels in the blood serum and inside the cells. [105] For this reason, red and white phosphorus were designated by the United States Drug Enforcement Administration as List I precursor chemicals under 21 CFR 1310.02 effective on November 17, 2001. Diskowski, Herbert and Hofmann, Thomas (2005) "Phosphorus" in, Klaus Schrdter, Gerhard Bettermann, Thomas Staffel, Friedrich Wahl, Thomas Klein, Thomas Hofmann "Phosphoric Acid and Phosphates" in. In the case of phosphorus the UL is 4000mg/day. Part 9", "Industrial disease due to certain poisonous fumes or gases", Phosphorus Cycle Terrestrial Phosphorus Cycle, Transport of Phosphorus, "Enzymatic Synthesis of Acetyl Phosphate", "Refeeding syndrome: what it is, and how to prevent and treat it", "Calcium, Phosphorus and Human Bone Development", "Overview on Dietary Reference Values for the EU population as derived by the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies", "Federal Register May 27, 2016 Food Labeling: Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels. Chronic white phosphorus poisoning leads to necrosis of the jaw called "phossy jaw". For other uses, see, Chemical element, symbol P and atomic number 15, Crystalline structures of some phosphorus allotropes, WP, (white phosphorus), exhibits chemoluminescence upon exposure to air and if there is any WP in the wound, covered by tissue or fluids such as blood serum, it will not glow until it is exposed to air, which requires a very dark room and dark-adapted eyes to see clearly. Phosphorus is a limiting factor in many ecosystems; that is, the scarcity of phosphorus limits the rate of organism growth. [20][76][85], Sodium tripolyphosphate made from phosphoric acid is used in laundry detergents in some countries, but banned for this use in others. Hydroxyapatite is the main component of tooth enamel. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, submerged-arc furnace for phosphorus production, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, "On the Molecular and Electronic Structures of AsP3 and P4", "On the Polymorphism of White Phosphorus", "Triple-Bond Reactivity of Diphosphorus Molecules", "Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1956 Presentation Speech by Professor A. lander (committee member)", "Phosphorus Topics page, at Lateral Science", "The NUBASE2016 evaluation of nuclear properties", "Astronomers reveal interstellar thread of one of life's building blocks", "Phosphate Rock: Statistics and Information", "You Need Phosphorus to Liveand We're Running Out", "Chemical Bonding in Higher Main Group Elements", "Experts Warn of Impending Phosphorus Crisis", "Scientists warn of lack of vital phosphorus as biofuels raise demand", "Be persuasive.

For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes the amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of Daily Value (%DV). Living cells use phosphate to transport cellular energy with adenosine triphosphate (ATP), necessary for every cellular process that uses energy. Chemistry of the Elements (2nd Edn. RDA for pregnancy and lactation are also 700mg/day. [106] In the United States, handlers of red or white phosphorus are subject to stringent regulatory controls.

Following complete removal of the particles, treat the lesions as thermal burns. Around 1900 French chemists Henri Svne and Emile David Cahen invented the modern strike-anywhere match, wherein the white phosphorus was replaced by phosphorus sesquisulfide (P4S3), a non-toxic and non-pyrophoric compound that ignites under friction. For phosphorus labeling purposes 100% of the Daily Value was 1000mg, but as of May27, 2016 it was revised to 1250mg to bring it into agreement with the RDA. [101], Organic compounds of phosphorus form a wide class of materials; many are required for life, but some are extremely toxic. Promptly debride the burn if the patient's condition will permit removal of bits of WP (white phosphorus) that might be absorbed later and possibly produce systemic poisoning. [90] Phosphorus plays a major role in the structural framework of DNA and RNA. Using a dedicated striker strip was considered clumsy. Fluorophosphate esters are among the most potent neurotoxins known. A wide range of organophosphorus compounds are used for their toxicity as pesticides (herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, etc.) [22] This compound softens the water to enhance the performance of the detergents and to prevent pipe/boiler tube corrosion. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a Recommended exposure limit (REL) of 0.1mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday. As a rule, if a diet has sufficient protein and calcium, the amount of phosphorus is probably sufficient. [93] An adult with healthy diet consumes and excretes about 13grams of phosphorus per day, with consumption in the form of inorganic phosphate and phosphorus-containing biomolecules such as nucleic acids and phospholipids; and excretion almost exclusively in the form of phosphate ions such as H2PO4 and HPO24. Phospholipids are derived from glycerol with two of the glycerol hydroxyl (OH) protons replaced by fatty acids as an ester, and the third hydroxyl proton has been replaced with phosphate bonded to another alcohol.[92].

RDAs are higher than EARs so as to identify amounts that will cover people with higher than average requirements. Worth Publishing: New York, 2000. [84] The international Berne Convention, ratified in 1906, prohibited the use of white phosphorus in matches. Collectively the EARs, RDAs, AIs and ULs are referred to as Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs). Safety matches are very difficult to ignite on any surface other than a special striker strip.

ATP is also important for phosphorylation, a key regulatory event in cells. These AIs are lower than the U.S RDAs. [75], White phosphorus is widely used to make organophosphorus compounds through intermediate phosphorus chlorides and two phosphorus sulfides, phosphorus pentasulfide and phosphorus sesquisulfide.