Jerusalem, Hebrew Yerushalayim, Arabic Bayt al-Muqaddas or Al-Quds, ancient city of the Middle East that since 1967 has been wholly under the rule of the State of Israel. [195] The Khwarezmian Tatars were driven out by the Ayyubids in 1247. [367] The first section, the Torah (Pentateuch), only mentions Moriah, but in later parts of the Bible, the city is mentioned explicitly. As of 2009[update], out of 150,100 schoolchildren, 59,900 or 40% are in state-run secular and National Religious schools, while 90,200 or 60% are in Haredi schools.

[74][75][76] Called the "Fortress of Zion" (metsudat Zion), it was renamed as the "City of David",[77] and was known by this name in antiquity. [12] Official Israeli government policy mandates that , transliterated as ralm, which is the cognate of the Hebrew and English names, be used as the Arabic language name for the city in conjunction with . [183] After Atsz was killed, the Seljuk prince Tutush I granted the city to Artuk Bey, another Seljuk commander. [177] Christian-Arab tradition records that, when led to pray at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, one of the holiest sites for Christians, the caliph Umar refused to pray in the church so that Muslims would not request conversion of the church to a mosque. Dung 4. Burial remains from the Byzantine period are exclusively Christian, suggesting that the population of Jerusalem in Byzantine times probably consisted only of Christians. Local newspapers include Kol Ha'Ir and The Jerusalem Times. [113][114] Nadav Na'aman argues its fortification as the centre of a kingdom dates to around the 18th century BCE. In 70 CE, the Romans destroyed Jerusalem and the Second Temple. [219], As the British Mandate for Palestine was expiring, the 1947 UN Partition Plan recommended "the creation of a special international regime in the City of Jerusalem, constituting it as a corpus separatum under the administration of the UN. Throughout much of Ottoman rule, Jerusalem remained a provincial, if religiously important center, and did not straddle the main trade route between Damascus and Cairo. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. [266] Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has similarly stated that Jerusalem would remain the undivided capital of Israel. [214] In 1922, the League of Nations at the Conference of Lausanne entrusted the United Kingdom to administer Palestine, neighbouring Transjordan, and Iraq beyond it. In 2012, the Jerusalem Marathon drew 15,000 runners, including 1,500 from fifty countries outside Israel.[475][476][477][478][479].

[note 5] Modern scholars argue that Jews branched out of the Canaanite peoples and culture through the development of a distinct monolatrousand later monotheisticreligion centred on El/Yahweh. [460] Al-Hoash, established in 2004, is a gallery for the preservation of Palestinian art. [419][420] The eastern half of the project was conceptualized decades ago, but reaction to the proposed highway is still mixed. Israeli doctors and highly regarded hospitals such as Hadassah Medical Center are available to residents. Though Jerusalem's sacred character goes back three millennia". [371] Synagogues around the world are traditionally built with the Holy Ark facing Jerusalem,[372] and Arks within Jerusalem face the Holy of Holies.

Communications Minister Moshe Kahlon said that the bill sent "a clear, unequivocal political message that Jerusalem will not be divided", and that "all those within the Palestinian and international community who expect the current Israeli government to accept any demands regarding Israel's sovereignty over its capital are mistaken and misleading". By comparison, the percentage of land in Tel Aviv zoned for industry and infrastructure is twice as high, and in Haifa, seven times as high.

[23][note 4] In 2016, the city's population was 882,700, of which Jews comprised 536,600 (61%), Muslims comprised 319,800 (36%), Christians comprised 15,800 (2%), and unclassified subjects comprised 10,300 (1%).[25]. The Academy of the Hebrew Language are located in the Hebrew university in Givat Ram and the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities located near the Presidents House. Other orphanages founded in Jerusalem at the beginning of the 20th century were Zion Blumenthal Orphanage (1900) and General Israel Orphan's Home for Girls (1902). [200]:589612, In 1517, Jerusalem and its environs fell to the Ottoman Turks, who generally remained in control until 1917. Israel left the Temple Mount under the jurisdiction of an Islamic waqf, but opened the Western Wall to Jewish access. The Israeli Foreign Ministry disputes that the annexation of Jerusalem was a violation of international law. The Israel Festival, featuring indoor and outdoor performances by local and international singers, concerts, plays, and street theater has been held annually since 1961, and Jerusalem has been the major organizer of this event. [262][263] The Oslo Accords stated that the final status of Jerusalem would be determined by negotiations with the Palestinian Authority.

While the ACRI attributes the increase to the lack of employment opportunities, infrastructure and a worsening educational system, Ir Amim blames the legal status of Palestinians in Jerusalem. In 1867 an American Missionary reports an estimated population of Jerusalem of 'above' 15,000, with 4,000 to 5,000 Jews and 6,000 Muslims. In short, Israelite culture was largely Canaanite in nature. Palestinian officials have encouraged Arabs over the years to stay in the city to maintain their claim. The Jerusalem Theater in the Talbiya neighborhood hosts over 150 concerts a year, as well as theater and dance companies and performing artists from overseas.

In December 2007, Jerusalem had a population of 747,60063.7% were Jewish, 33.1% Muslim, and 2% Christian. In 1917 after the Battle of Jerusalem, the British Army, led by General Edmund Allenby, captured the city. Holyland Tower 2, which has been approved for construction, will reach the same height. Jerusalem as administrative capital of the British Mandate: Whither Jerusalem (Lapidot) page 17: "Israeli control in west Jerusalem since 1948 was illegal and most states have not recognized its sovereignty there", harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKellerman1993 (, "UN General Assembly Resolution 181 recommended the creation of an international zonea, orcorpus separatum, in Jerusalem to be administered by the UN for a 10-year period, after which there would be referendum to determine its future. [171] Later the Temple Mount became known as al-Haram al-Sharif, "The Noble Sanctuary", while the city around it became known as Bayt al-Maqdis,[172] and later still, al-Quds al-Sharif "The Holy, Noble". Doson, Nandita and Sabbah, Abdul Wahad, eds. A World Bible Center is planned to be built adjacent to Mount Zion at a site called the "Bible Hill". David is said to have conquered these in the Siege of Jebus, and transferred his capital from Hebron to Jerusalem which then became the capital of a United Kingdom of Israel,[128] and one of its several religious centres. On 27 June 1967, the government of Levi Eshkol extended Israeli law and jurisdiction to East Jerusalem, but agreed that administration of the Temple Mount compound would be maintained by the Jordanian waqf, under the Jordanian Ministry of Religious Endowments.

[339] To attract more university students to Jerusalem, the city has begun to offer a special package of financial incentives and housing subsidies to students who rent apartments in downtown Jerusalem. Due to the general lack of international recognition of Jerusalem as Israel's capital, some non-Israeli media outlets use Tel Aviv as a metonym for Israel. [355] In 2008, the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics reported the number of Palestinians living in East Jerusalem was 208,000 according to a recently completed census. This struggle often erupted in violence. He built walls, towers and palaces, and expanded the Temple Mount, buttressing the courtyard with blocks of stone weighing up to 100 tons. [465] The Jewish-Arab Youth Orchestra performs both European classical and Middle Eastern music. In other languages: official Arabic in Israel: Statistics regarding the demographics of Jerusalem refer to the unified and expanded Israeli municipality, which includes the pre-1967 Israeli and, Much of the information regarding King David's conquest of Jerusalem comes from, Mark Smith in "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel" states "Despite the long regnant model that the Canaanites and Israelites were people of fundamentally different culture, archaeological data now casts doubt on this view. The Jerusalem Light Rail initiated service in August 2011. A popular non-competitive sports event is the Jerusalem March, held annually during the Sukkot festival. In 2015, Jerusalem had a population of some 850,000 residents, comprising approximately 200,000 secular Jewish Israelis, 350,000 Haredi Jews, and 300,000 Palestinian Arabs. '", Rainer Reisner, 'Synagogues in Jerusalem,' in, Mark Smith in "The Early History of God: Yahweh and Other Deities of Ancient Israel" states "Despite the long regnant model that the Canaanites and Israelites were people of fundamentally different culture, archaeological data now casts doubt on this view. A no-man's land between East and West Jerusalem came into being in November 1948: Moshe Dayan, commander of the Israeli forces in Jerusalem, met with his Jordanian counterpart Abdullah el-Tell in a deserted house in Jerusalem's Musrara neighborhood and marked out their respective positions: Israel's position in red and Jordan's in green. Paul Winter, "Note on Salem Jerusalem", "No city in the world, not even Athens or Rome, ever played as great a role in the life of a nation for so long a time, as Jerusalem has done in the life of the Jewish people. [107] Some call the site of this first settlement, the Ophel ridge.

Schools for Arabs in Jerusalem and other parts of Israel have been criticized for offering a lower quality education than those catering to Israeli Jewish students.

[319] "[220] The international regime (which also included the city of Bethlehem) was to remain in force for a period of ten years, whereupon a referendum was to be held in which the residents were to decide the future regime of their city. Jerusalem plays a central role in the spiritual and emotional perspective of the three major monotheistic religions. [citation needed], Water supply has always been a major problem in Jerusalem, as attested to by the intricate network of ancient aqueducts, tunnels, pools and cisterns found in the city. The Gospel of John describes it as being located outside Jerusalem,[380] but recent archaeological evidence suggests Golgotha is a short distance from the Old City walls, within the present-day confines of the city. Industrial pollution inside the city is sparse, but emissions from factories on the Israeli Mediterranean coast can travel eastward and settle over the city.[330][331].