At the same time, not all literature written in Persian is written by ethnic Persians or Iranians, as Turkic, Caucasian, and Indic authors have also used Persian literature in the environment of Persianate cultures. Modern Persian is classified as a continuation of Middle Persian, the official religious and literary language of the Sasanian Empire, itself a continuation of Old Persian, which was used by the time of the Achaemenid Empire. Pahlavi, before World War II", "FRS iv. 1924 1925 1926 1928 1980 1992 150 92 16 ( ) 20 % 15 ( ) " " . [18] Old Persian written works are attested on several inscriptions from between the 6th and the 4th centuries BC, and Middle Persian literature is attested on inscriptions from the Parthian and Sasanian eras and in Zoroastrian and Manichaean scriptures from between the 3rd to the 10th century AD. [80] The Pahlavi rulers modernized Iran, and ruled it until the 1979 Revolution. Learn about the efforts of Alexander the Great and his father, King Phillip II of Macedonia, to advance Greek culture and language throughout neighboring empires. [0]=> ["GalleryID"]=> Confronting the cultural and linguistic dominance of the Persians, beginning by the Umayyad Caliphate, the Arab conquerors began to establish Arabic as the primary language of the subject peoples throughout their empire, sometimes by force, further confirming the new political reality over the region. [122], Iranian music, as a whole, utilizes a variety of musical instruments that are unique to the region, and has remarkably evolved since the ancient and medieval times. [48] In Lydia (the most important Achaemenid satrapy), near Sardis, there was the Hyrcanian plain, which, according to Strabo, got its name from the Persian settlers that were moved from Hyrcania. [55] Middle Persian, which is the immediate ancestor of Modern Persian and a variety of other Iranian dialects,[56][59][60][61] became the official language of the empire[62] and was greatly diffused among Iranians. [50] According to Pausanias, as late as the second century AD, one could witness rituals which resembled the Persian fire ceremony at the towns of Hyrocaesareia and Hypaepa. [32] In 1333, medieval Moroccan traveler and scholar Ibn Battuta referred to the Afghans of Kabul as a specific sub-tribe of the Persians. The majority practices Islam.

Persian-speaking communities native to modern Arab countries are generally designated as Ajam,[71] including the Ajam of Bahrain, the Ajam of Iraq, and the Ajam of Kuwait. From Persis and throughout the Median, Achaemenid, Parthian, and Sasanian empires of ancient Iran to the neighboring Greek city states and the kingdom of Macedon,[107][13] and later throughout the medieval Islamic world,[108][16] all the way to modern Iran and others parts of Eurasia, Persian culture has been extended, celebrated, and incorporated. Discover who fought in the Peloponnesian War, as well as when and why. Carpet weaving is an essential part of the Persian culture,[119] and Persian rugs are said to be one of the most detailed hand-made works of art. The name Persia was derived from Parsa, the Indo-European people that settled in southern Iran in an area known as Persis in approximately 1000 BCE. [50] Mithridates III of Cius, a Persian nobleman and part of the Persian ruling elite of the town of Cius, founded the Kingdom of Pontus in his later life, in northern Asia Minor. Persians have contributed to various forms of art, including calligraphy, carpet weaving, glasswork, lacquerware, marquetry (khatam), metalwork, miniature illustration, mosaic, pottery, and textile design.[15]. Discover an important part of history and see how the Romans were able to establish their dominance in the Mediterranean. Sociolinguistic Status of Lori", "TAJIK i. Explore who the Persians were, and better understand key elements of their government (e.g. [50] In all these centuries, Lydia and Pontus were reportedly the chief centers for the worship of the Persian gods in Asia Minor. It was inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List in June 2011. [33] Lady Mary (Leonora Woulfe) Sheil, in her observation of Iran during the Qajar era, states that the Kurds and the Leks would consider themselves as belonging to the race of the "old Persians". Persians celebrate many important holidays, including the Persian New Year, which is known as Noruz. Alexander the Great and the Birth of Hellenism. Persian Empire Timeline & Culture | When Did the Persian Empire Start? ["ImageName"]=> After a long struggle with Rome in the Mithridatic Wars, Pontus was defeated; part of it was incorporated into the Roman Republic as the province of Bithynia and Pontus, and the eastern half survived as a client kingdom. Learn what Hammurabis Code is. [55], The Parthians and the Sasanians would also extensively interact with the Romans culturally. These holidays are a time when many people gather to enjoy local Persian foods, most commonly dishes featuring lamb, rice, vegetables, and spices. The architectural heritage of the Sasanian Empire includes, among others, castle fortifications such as the Fortifications of Derbent (located in North Caucasus, now part of Russia), the Rudkhan Castle and the Shapur-Khwast Castle, palaces such as the Palace of Ardashir and the Sarvestan Palace, bridges such as the Shahrestan Bridge and the Shapuri Bridge, the Archway of Ctesiphon, and the reliefs at Taq-e Bostan. Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland. 17th-century Persian potteries from Isfahan. Safavid to Qajar Periods", "ARCHITECTURE vii. Today, most Persians live in Iran. See the Persian Empires timeline and read about its legacy. In traditional Sasanian music, the octave was divided into seventeen tones. object(stdClass)#1081 (3) { Understand their conquests and political cunning through discussion of Hellenism, a strategy used by Alexander in persuading his adversaries to embrace Greek culture. The Tat people, an Iranian people native to the Caucasus (primarily living in the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Russian republic of Dagestan), speak a language (Tat language) that is closely related to Persian. The Persians are an Iranian ethnic group who comprise over half of the population of Iran. Createyouraccount. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. )-language text, Articles containing Persian-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 22 June 2022, at 11:55. }, array(1) { Learn about the similarities and differences between life in Athens and life in Sparta. . Discover where Sparta was in ancient Greece with a map, learn about the Spartan flag, and see what Spartan territory is like today. [2] They are native speakers of the modern dialects of Persian,[81] which serves as the country's official language.[82]. The lowest class of Persian people are unskilled workers and unemployed people. McDougal Littell The Americans: Online Textbook Help, TCI History Alive The Medieval World and Beyond: Online Textbook Help, SAT Subject Test World History: Practice and Study Guide, AP European History: Homework Help Resource, Middle School US History: Help and Review, Middle School US History: Homework Help Resource, Middle School US History: Tutoring Solution, Western Civilization 1648 to the Present: Help and Review, Western Civilization Since 1648: Homework Help Resource, Glencoe U.S. History - The American Vision: Online Textbook Help, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. Learn about the Abbasids. The Persians were once the archenemy of the ancient Greeks. Explore the economic, political, and cultural differences between Athens and Sparta. Athens vs. Sparta | Life Differences Between Athens & Sparta. V. Minorsky, "Tat" in M. Th. string(1) "2" }. The Parthian monarchy was succeeded by the Persian dynasty of the Sasanians in 224 AD. Herodotus recounts this story,[25] devising a foreign son, Perses, from whom the Persians took the name. Today, Persians are the predominant ethnic group residing in Iran. [19] Many influential Persian figures hailed from outside of Iran's present-day bordersto the northeast in Afghanistan and Central Asia, and to a lesser extent within the Caucasus proper to the northwest. [55] Other aspects of this national culture included the glorification of a great heroic past and an archaizing spirit. PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD", "IRAN vi. Persia is the modern day country of Iran. [96] They speak various dialects of the Luri language, which is considered to be a descendant of Middle Persian. The most notable examples of ancient Persian architecture are the works of the Achaemenids hailing from Persis. } [24] In the Bible, particularly in the books of Daniel, Esther, Ezra, and Nehemya, it is given as Prs (). Learn about Pompey the Great, his career as a Roman general, his alliance and rivalry with Julius Caesar, plus his influence on Caesar's rise to power.

() Explore the impact of Greece landscape on agriculture and its importance. Qin Dynasty: Overview & Legalism | Who Built China's Great Wall? According to the CIA Factbook, over 50% of the population of Iran is Persian. [created_time] => 2022-06-27 12:46:07 Ancient Iranian goddess Anahita depicted on a Sasanian silver vessel. } [109][17][108][110] This is due mainly to its geopolitical conditions, and its intricate relationship with the ever-changing political arena once as dominant as the Achaemenid Empire. ["Detail"]=> See the definition of "Abbasids," learn about the Abbasid caliphate, Abbasid society, Abbasid culture, and the decline of the caliphate. [9][10] Together with their compatriot allies, they established and ruled some of the world's most powerful empires[11][10] that are well-recognized for their massive cultural, political, and social influence, which covered much of the territory and population of the ancient world. The Persian garden, the earliest examples of which were found throughout the Achaemenid Empire, has an integral position in Persian architecture. A Greek folk etymology connected the name to Perseus, a legendary character in Greek mythology. Each class is distinguished by profession. Foundation of Ancient Rome: History & Empire | Who Founded the Roman Empire? Apparently, the Persians themselves knew the story,[26] as Xerxes I tried to use it to suborn the Argives during his invasion of Greece, but ultimately failed to do so. Due to the central location of Iran, Persian art has served as a fusion point between eastern and western traditions.

Read about its impact and influence. However, it did not yet have a political import. After over eight centuries of foreign rule within the region, the Iranian hegemony was reestablished by the emergence of the Safavid Empire in the 16th century. Explore the history of Ancient Sumer and the Sumerian civilization. Iranian ethnic group who make up over half the population of Iran, , 10th-century Arab Muslim writer Ibn Hawqal, in his, harv error: no target: CITEREFShapur_Shahbazi2005 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSchmitt2000 (, harv error: no target: CITEREFSchmitt2008 (. [103][104] The Aimaqs, a semi-nomadic people native to Afghanistan,[105] speak a variety of Persian by the name of Aimaqi, which also belongs to the Dari dialect continuum.[81][106]. The Persian Empire once stretched across portions of Eurasia and northern Africa. Below that is laborers. +:966126531375 Examine the history of Sparta. However, not all Iranians are Persian. By the end of the 13th century, Iranian music also maintained a twelve-interval octave, which resembled the western counterparts.[123]. The Persians spread their influence to the rest of what is considered to be the Iranian Plateau, and assimilated with the non-Iranian indigenous groups of the region, including the Elamites and the Mannaeans. The upper class is comprised of real estate investors, and entrepreneurs. Learn about where the Sumerian civilization was located. [content_id] => 6190 The Persian culture has a history that goes back three millennia. string(1) "1"

[97][98][61], The Hazaras, making up the third largest ethnic group in Afghanistan,[99][100][101] speak a variety of Persian by the name of Hazaragi,[102] which is more precisely a part of the Dari dialect continuum. [content_title] => string(16) "https://grc.net/" [35][36], Persia is first attested in Assyrian sources from the third millennium BC in the Old Assyrian form Parahe, designating a region belonging to the Sumerians. Following the Arab conquest of the Sasanian Empire in the medieval times, the Arab caliphates established their rule over the region for the next several centuries, during which the long process of the Islamization of Iran took place. Charshanbe Suri and Sizdebedar) begin on the eve of the last Wednesday of the preceding year in the Iranian calendar and last on the 13th day of the new year. Abbasid Caliphate Empire & Dynasty | Who Were the Abbasids?

Instead, populations of Persians can be found in other nations including Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, and Persian Gulf states. [46] The empire extended as far as the limits of the Greek city states in modern-day mainland Greece, where the Persians and Athenians influenced each other in what is essentially a reciprocal cultural exchange. emperors, satraps, soldiers, and warriors). Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto.

[60][56][59] Old Persian is one of the oldest Indo-European languages attested in original text. Persians can trace their lineage back to what is today Iran, but all Persians dont necessarily live in Iran. Get access to this video and our entire Q&A library. Ancient Sumerian Civilization | Culture, History & Location. 2022 " " . Explore the dates the Qin dynasty ruled, the Qin dynasty ruler, legalism during the Qin dynasty, and the Great Wall of China. The RomanPersian wars and the ByzantineSasanian wars would shape the landscape of Western Asia, Europe, the Caucasus, North Africa, and the Mediterranean Basin for centuries. Learn about the beginning of ancient Rome. There are additional ethnic and tribal groups that reside in modern Iran, including the Azeri and Kurdish people. [44] Meanwhile, under the dynasty of the Achaemenids, the Persians formed a vassal state to the central Median power. , , " " ( , , Explore ancient Rome's early history like who founded the Roman Empire, when it was established, and where it was founded. [43] The Medes, another group of ancient Iranian people, unified the region under an empire centered in Media, which would become the region's leading cultural and political power of the time by 612 BC. [51][52] At the peak of its power, under the infamous Mithridates VI the Great, the Kingdom of Pontus also controlled Colchis, Cappadocia, Bithynia, the Greek colonies of the Tauric Chersonesos, and for a brief time the Roman province of Asia. The music scene of the Sasanian Empire has a more available and detailed documentation than the earlier periods, and is especially more evident within the context of Zoroastrian musical rituals. Learn about the Fertile Crescent. } info@araa.sa : , array(1) { In modern Iran, the Persians make up the majority of the population. . [88] The origin of the Tat people is traced to an Iranian-speaking population that was resettled in the Caucasus by the time of the Sasanian Empire. [28] Thus, especially in the Western world, the names Persia and Persian came to refer to all of Iran and its subjects. IRANIAN HISTORY (1) Pre-Islamic Times", "IRANIAN IDENTITY ii. ( Learn about ancient Greece geography and see examples of major Greece landforms. Learn how long the Persian Empire lasted and where Media and Persia are today. 28-Jun-2022 A special mention of Persian carpets is also made by Athenaeus of Naucratis in his Deipnosophistae, as he describes a "delightfully embroidered" Persian carpet with "preposterous shapes of griffins". The middle class is made up of civil servants and white-collar workers. In fact, some people still Our experts can answer your tough homework and study questions. [45], At its greatest extent, the Achaemenid Empire stretched from parts of Eastern Europe in the west to the Indus Valley in the east, making it the largest empire the world had yet seen. [67] The Arabic term Ajam, denoting "people unable to speak properly", was adopted as a designation for non-Arabs (or non-Arabic speakers), especially the Persians. [urls] => {"urla":"","urlatext":"","targeta":"","urlb":"","urlbtext":"","targetb":"","urlc":"","urlctext":"","targetc":""}