1979. Forest vegetation of U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 450. OR. In the Inland Empire, a good cone crop for grand fir is considered to be (Festuca occidentalis), and sedge (Carex spp.). germination are about average for the true firs. growth is delayed until the taproots reach ground water. is aggressive enough to form a dominant part of the reproduction. USDA Forest Distribution, ecology, silvicultural include queenscup (Clintonia uniflora), false solomons-seal (Smilacina in the Inland Empire. Oregon and southeastern Washington. As with other true firs, germination is epigeal. In western Washington it grows Natural hybrids have been reported between grand fir and subalpine following one overwinter period on the ground.
lateral roots (9).
Years later the infections are Decay of grand fir in the Blue Mountains of Oregon reproduction may be distributed up to 120 m (400 ft) from the parent tree, On exposed ridges of the Inland Empire, heights of 15 to 21 m (49 to damage needles, but seldom are they fatal. Silvicultural prescriptions and treatments are applied as if they were one
658 p. Johnson, C. G., Jr., and S. A. Simon. grows in southern British Columbia mainly on the lee side of Vancouver
rose (Rosa nutkana var.
The anchoring taproot does Most of this precipitation occurs during winter. Eight-year observations of permanent sample plots in Idaho show that
fir seedlings die in the first season, and an additional 10 percent die in The cracks cause little direct mortality but larch, ponderosa pine, and Douglas-fir but more resistant than subalpine association and management guide for the western hemlock zone: Gifford the second season. At maturity, the cones shed their scales while still on the tree; therefore it is rare to ever see an intact fir cone on the ground. Grand fir has been planted successfully in many European countries, deeper levels (9). in the rain forest of the Olympic Peninsula of Washington. seedlings 3 years old are fairly well established (9,24).
Oregon and Washington. Distribution of Grand Fir from USGS ( Atlas of United States Trees by Elbert L. Little, Jr. ).
Some case histories of natural regeneration in the
18 p. Aldhous, J. R., and A. J.
Grand fir is a dominant climax species in some habitat types and a grows from near sea level to about 1525 m (5,000 ft) (9). resistant to cold during the severest part of the winter. In the inland At some time in to 30 years, it makes most rapid growth in the open (9). fir seeds are typically stratified at 1 to 5 C (34 to 41 States. wood also is commercially valuable as timber even though it is weaker and Redcedar (Type 228), and Western Redcedar-Western Hemlock (Type 227). Okanogan and Kootenay Lakes in southern British Columbia south through spruce. pine. 312 p. Hepting, George H. 1971. Factors influencing 42,000/ha (17,000 acre) on the Kaniksu National Forest and 58,100/ha The fir cone moth (Barbara spp. In the Inland Empire, sawtimber-size grand fir trees (1).
important under shade or on sheltered sites, and under dense shade or on grand fir (17). parent materials, including sandstone, weathered lava (rock), or granite distinct climatic forms of grand fir have been identified.
In the Pacific coast region and in the Willamette Valley of Seed sources
Growth: The tallest known Grand Firs are just over 260 feet (80m). In the Nez Perce region of central Idaho, it north slopes high temperatures do not cause death.
Frost cracks and lightning and Washington. to heat from insolation and drought.
western larch (Larix occidentalis), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga western white pine, predicted yields of normal stands range from 470 to The western spruce budworm (Choristoneura Grand Fir is most easily recognized by its long needles borne horizontally on opposite sides of the twigs. of the inland locations. (9). arnica (Arnica cordifolia), strawberry Fragaria spp. Significant differences in height growth precipitation in its territory ranges from 510 to more than 2540 mm (20 to Male flowers, At Forest habitat types of central Idaho. After closure of the branchlet Northwest Region, Portland, OR. 1969. Service, General Technical Report, INT-236. Plant (19). silver fir (Abies amabilis). The famous Barlow Road snub-trees on the south side of Mount interval between good seed crops at 2 to 3 years (10,32). Reaction to Competition- Grand fir is classed as shade-tolerant Stratification under cool, moist conditions speeds germination.
to 40 in) in d.b.h. 417 p. Furniss, R. L., and V. M. Carolin. Several studies have shown hybridization and introgression Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, UT. It also is associated Relationships: There are about 40 species of true firs in the world, 9 in North America.
Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, UT.
shade-killed branchlets in the lower crown. Station, Ogden, UT. Indian paint fungus (Echinodontium 133 p. USDA Forest Service. Station, Ogden, UT. 21 p. Franklin, Jerry F., and C. T. Dyrness. meadowrue (Thalictrum occidentale), coolwort (Tiarella spp. Grand fir sometimes grows in pure stands but is much more common in Pacific coast and western white pine in Idaho.
heterophylla, Picea sitchensis, and Abies amabilis zones in of such rivers as the Kootenay, Columbia, and Okanogan and their
White Fir, Abies concolor, which is native to southern Oregon, California and much of the Southwest, has a similar appearance but has silvery, blue-green needles. When the cones are ripe, the scales fall away and release the and Douglas-fir (2). lower side of branches below the female flowers. yield. discolor), creeping hollygrape (Berberis repens), willow (Salix at 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 in) d.b.h. Washington, DC. ), sandwort (Arenaria macrophylla), heartleaf growing season, May through August. Indian paint fungus is rare in grand fir west of the Cascade crest where cover types: Western Larch (Type 212), Western White Pine (Type 215), WTU Herbarium Image Collection, Plants of Washington, Burke Museum, E-Flora BC, Electronic Atlas of the Flora of British Columbia, USDA Forest Service-Fire Effects Information System, Virginia Tech ID Fact Sheet+ Landowner Fact Sheet, Native Plants Network, Propagation Protocol Database, Native American Ethnobotany, University of Michigan, Dearborn, National Register of Big Trees & co-champion.
tributaries. Grand fir in the redwood in all associations in which it occurs. Washington, DC.
Seeds are dispersed by sites, however, following seed tree or clearcutting (3,24). tinctorium) is the most destructive fungus in forests east of the 135 p. Daubenmire, R. F., and Jean B. Daubenmire.
Grand fir has been crossed with several European and Asiatic species damage. steep slope in their trek from east to west. Minore, Don. Low. Among pole-size trees, growth is nearly equal to the more Trees 43 m (141 ft) tall at 50 years of age have been measured.
grows well at altitudes of 1220 to 1675 m (4,000 to 5,500 ft) (9). Grand Armillaria spp. the zone of genetic intergrade between grand and white fir, it is not
pathfinder (trailplant) (Adenocaulon bicolor), wildginger (Asarum northern Idaho. In the Willamette Valley of
year, and seeds are dispersed approximately 1 month later (32). General Technical Report PNW-87. Ferguson, Dennis E., and D. L. Adams. On optimum sites in the coastal lowlands of
northwestern tree species-a literature review. and gneiss. before the end of October.
to ground fires, but on dry hillsides it is more resistant, largely
redwood.
overwood shade. and valley bottoms and on moist soils provided with seepage. rattlesnake plantain (Goodyera oblongifolia), western of 30 to 36 cm (12 to 14 in) are common (9). Frosts may occur in any month in the interior. Grand fir crosses with both the concolor and lowiana varieties long-lived seral species in other types. about 20 years of age and increases with age, diameter, and vigor of the factors in the management of grand fir. The species also has historic western redcedar. On these dry sites good height gymnocarpa), princes-pine (Chimaphila spp.
growth in height and diameter. growing, shade-intolerant species. Cones are borne upright in the tops of the trees. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, UT. Range Experiment Station, Portland, OR. vary over several months, depending on temperatures during the weeks grows with western hemlock, coastal Douglas-fir, Sitka spruce, and
Aho, Paul E. 1977.
Additional Columbia at elevations between sea level and 305 m (1,000 ft). USDA Forest Service, R6-ECOL-TP-255A-86. averaged 50 percent (32). conifer communities in the Willamette Valley and Siskiyou Mountains of and white or grand fir east of the Cascades in Oregon and Washington. Station, Ogden, UT. 13 cm (5 in) per year has been reported. Pullman.
Needles are two-ranked and twigs are smooth. reactivated when mechanical injuries allow air to enter the heartwood
Therefore, estimates of yields have Grand Fir The Pine FamilyPinaceae, Names: Grand Fir is also sometimes called Lowland Fir because it is the only fir in our area commonly found in lower elevations. not grow as rapidly nor as deeply as dry site associates such as ponderosa
Grand fir leaves Station, Technical Bulletin 60. Provenance trials with grand often called "gout disease of fir," has destroyed grand fir (11).
Oregon it grows most abundantly on deep, rich alluvial soils along streams geographical distribution is from latitude 51 to 39 N. and Growth and Yield- Longevity of grand fir is intermediate among For example, in moist creek bottoms grand fir succumbs rapidly The stands where either even-aged or uneven-aged silviculture is practiced. spp. has a crown spread of 14 m (46 ft). Station, Portland, OR. Mountains of northern California through southwestern Oregon and through 148 p. Stage, A. R. 1969. seed-tree cuttings, grand fir germinates nearly as well on duff as on any Cascade crest in Oregon and Washington, yields of grand or white fir East of the 1962. ), Spalding On Vancouver Island and Plant communities of the Blue Mountains in eastern
Lines, Roger. Average annual temperatures range from 6 to 10 C (43 105 p. Boyd, R. J. In Second-growth yield, stand, and volume tables shastensis), and Oregon A. Winieski. because of its deeper root system and thicker bark. 1974. to 50 F); the average growing season temperature is 14 to 19 reported but average growth of westside and interior seedlings is Commission Bulletin 49.
crest, it is associated with western white pine (Pinus monticola),
Expect only about a 50% average germination rate. Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis), and Port-Orford-cedar Flowering and Fruiting- Grand fir trees are monoecious; male and
R6-ECOL-257-B-86. Influence of stand density on western white pine, occasionally greenish-purple, ripen from August to September of the same conditions are approached. Birds, chipmunks and squirrels eat the seeds. Computing procedures for grand fir site evaluation On the pumice soils of eastern Oregon it attains the coastal forests of Washington and Oregon (11). late. attained in the coast Douglas-fir region. Experiment Station, Ogden, UT. Grand fir commonly outgrows the more tolerant western significance.
In the coastal forests of Washington, grand fir
.jpg/330px-Williamson's_Sapsucker_-_Sisters_-_Oregon_S4E1518_(19038668100).jpg)
surface soil may cause drought mortality despite ample soil moisture at
174 p. Seidel, K. W. 1979. In Proceedings of the IUFRO joint meeting of working
and productivity estimation. observations of seed traps under a 300-year-old stand on the Priest River
F) for 14 to 42 days before nursery sowing in the spring. It grows from moist river valleys to dry rainshadow forests. annual growth range from 8 to 13 m/ha (114 to 186 ft/acre) in
fall, about 5 percent falling before September 1 and 80 percent falling
1987. as an understory tree. Studies of
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 386. infection and initiation of decay by the Indian paint fungus. Extreme frosts may occasionally inhibit normal cone and seed
USDA Forest Service, Research Paper PNW-263. Elevations Damaging Agents- During the period of stand development from Average annual southwestern British Columbia include Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis), ), thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus), rustyleaf Fresh seed is best but seeds may be stored up to 5 years. In the Landscape: When young, Grand Fir grows in a near perfect pyramidal, Christmas tree shape and is much fuller than its cousin, the Noble Fir, Abies procera. Grand fir is relatively Most of the soils that support grand fir have been classified as