In any case the treaties of Brest-Litovsk and Bucharest must be canceled as palpably
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The evacuation of all Russian territory and such a settlement of all questions
Now independent and very democratic in form, but governed by
The intention is that
for the creation of a government sufficiently [representative] to speak for these
Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and restored, without any attempt to limit the sovereignty which she enjoys in common with all other free nations. approval. is to be in kind or how the amount of the indemnity is to be determined is a matter of
It might, therefore, be provided that Italy should have her claim in the
Woodrow Wilson was among the statesmen who gathered in France in June 1919 to sign the Treaty of Versailles, an agreement that did little to heal the wounds of World War I and instead set the stage for World War II. ports. Western Galicia is clearly Polish. agreed upon by Serbia and Bulgaria before the first Balkan War. It will be necessary to adopt the general principle and then
In negotiating the Treaty of Versailles, the representatives of Britain, France, and Italy wanted to strengthen their own positions and felt it necessary to leave Germany too weak to start another war. north might be essentially those of the London conference. q 379 0 0 480 0 0 cm/Image6 Do Q
Corrections? Obviously such a
membership in the League of Nations. A
There is no serious objection raised to this [although the]
the recognition of provisional governments; (2) assistance extended to and through these
The other problems of the frontier are questions between Italy and Yugoslavia, Italy
Did Canada fight on the side of Britain in World War I? Germans and Jews living there, as well as in other parts of the Polish state. come will be the acid test of their goodwill, of their comprehension of her needs as
Updates? terms of the protectorate need to be vigorously controlled. consequences may be put the war debt of Belgium. U.S. Pres. The recognition of this principle would
the Finns, the Lithuanians, the Letts, and perhaps also for the Ukrainians. The evacuation of all Russian territory and such a settlement of all questions affecting Russia as will secure the best and freest coperation of the other nations of the world in obtaining for her an unhampered and unembarrassed opportunity for the independent determination of her own political development and national policy and assure her of a sincere welcome into the society of free nations under institutions of her own choosing; and, more than a welcome, assistance also of every kind that she may need and may herself desire. under the principles of the peace proposed, conquest gives her enemies no title to her
It may well be that some power will have to be
associating themselves for its maintenance. Clearly, it
therefore all the consequences of that act are of the same character. determined after the conclusion of the war by "impartial adjustment"
But it
German Austria joins the German Empire. U.S. President Woodrow Wilson accepted almost any compromise of the Fourteen Points as long as the treaty provided for the League of Nations. may herself desire. The treatment accorded Russia by her sister nations in the months to come will be the acid test of their good will, of their comprehension of her needs as distinguished from their own interests, and of their intelligent and unselfish sympathy. 2. autonomous and that the population should not be liable to military service in the Italian
endobj
governments. chief heirs of the German colonial empire, that the colonies cannot be returned to
No claim on grounds of nationality can be established,
6 0 obj
They informed all the decolonization movements and set a new standard of national identity. She should also have Thrace up to the Enos-Midia line and perhaps
Under proposition 3 the economic sections of the treaty of Brest-Litovsk are
8. Whether restoration
Hungary. colonies. 6. Supplement 1: The World War, Vol. Provision should also be made by
involved. door," and under the strictest regulation as to labor conditions, profits, and taxes,
should be noted in this connection that [Italy] and Germany will become neighbors if
Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and restored without any
Some fear is expressed in France [and England] that this involves reopening of all
The purpose is clearly to prohibit treaties, sections of treaties or understandings
constitute "the healing act" of which the President speaks. Though the Armistice and Treaty of Versailles did not adhere to the idealistic Fourteen Points and World War II soon followed, those principles influenced the later world order. etc., be made, that native organization and custom be respected, that the protecting
<>
the society of nations, that the terms on which the colonial administration is conducted
the possession of Valona. second conflict with Greece occurs over the Aegean Islands of the Dodecanese, but it is
distinguished from their own interests, and of their intelligent and unselfish sympathy. Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety. measure Ukrainian (or Ruthenian) and does not of right belong to Poland. endstream
even to the Midia-Rodosto line. Thus Belgium
France could not claim payment, it would seem, for more than
4. 5. assured an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of
Under "(1) general peace," no serious dispute exists. Its territories include at least a million Germans for whom
The Turkish portions of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure
of an equality of trade conditions among all the nations consenting to the peace and
international covenants; (3) limited war, involving no breach of international covenants. unsettled the peace of the world for nearly fifty years, should be righted in order that
Alps, Italy's security will be enormously enhanced and the necessity of heavy armaments
It is to be restored completely to French sovereignty. This should contain provisions for minorities and the "open door." The only problem raised here is in the word "restored." An independent Polish state should be erected which should include the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish populations, which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea, and whose political and economic independence and territorial integrity should be guaranteed by international covenant. No information exists justifying an opinion on the proper policy in regard to Mohammedan
9. to the Adriatic. The Caucasus should probably be treated as part of the problem of the Turkish Empire. The best solution would seem to be a free choice by the [people of] Luxembourg themselves. no doubt that they will have to be granted an opportunity of free development. Germans would later argue a betrayal when faced by the harsher terms of the Armistice and the Treaty of Versailles. The trunk
Trentino, but that the northern part, inhabited by Germans, should be completely
(4) Yugoslavia. the lowest points consistent with domestic safety. In October 1918 Germany requested an armistice based on the Fourteen Points. President explained to the Senate last winter that the phrase was not meant to exclude
would not govern the cultural life of the alien population to the south of her frontier. every inducement should be [given] to encourage federal [relations] between these new
authority be stable and experienced enough to thwart intrigue and corruption, that the
The essence of the Russian problem then in the immediate future would seem to be: (1)
They prescribed a program of transparency in international relations, free trade, freedom of the seas, reductions in armaments, national self-determination, and adjustment of colonial claims that gave equal weight to the peoples of the colonized countries. To trick counterfeiters, Benjamin Franklin deliberately misspelled Pennsylvania when printing official currency for the American colony. the protection of the Magyars, Szeklers, and Germans who constitute a large minority. 9. In fact, the
free port and the Vistula internationalized. If Posen and Silesia go to Poland, rigid protection must be afforded the minorities of
No dynastic ties with German [or] Austrian or Romanov princes should be permitted, and
Germany? That means the German colonies and any
lines, but in [every] case the right of unhampered economic [transit] should be reserved. The agreement reached with Yugoslavs may well be allowed to stand, although it should
ago. Italy could thus occupy the uninhabited Alpine peaks for military purposes, but
binding upon [all] colonial powers. several Balkan states to one another determined by friendly counsel along historically
<>>>/Length 32>>
detail, not of principle. The principle on which frontiers will be [delimited] is contained in the President's
government and the Yugoslav state. understood that a solution favorable to Greece is being worked out. "illegitimate" destruction. It applies clearly [to those]
are a matter of international concern and may legitimately be the subject of international
Rumania, [Serbia], and Montenegro should be evacuated; occupied territories
might well, as indicated above, claim reimbursement, not only for destruction but for the
(6) Hungary. 10. Will undoubtedly join Rumania, but provision must be made for
endstream
Obviously, nations cannot assume obligations in matters of
13. In regard to the restoration of French territory it might well be argued that the
the hands of one power as mandatory of the League. There also are several hundred thousand Ukrainians along the north and northeastern
greater and stronger than Bulgaria. territorial integrity should be guaranteed by international covenants. Italy appears in Balkan politics through her claim to a protectorate over Albania and
insistence should be put upon keeping the Belgian case distinct and symbolic. should be entered into. The status of Alsace-Lorraine was settled by the official statement issued a few days
The peoples of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the nations we wish to see safeguarded and assured, should be accorded the freest opportunity of autonomous development. The same difficulty arises here as in the case of Austria-Hungary concerning the word
What are the "interests of the populations?" in itself illegal. Attention is called to the strong current of French opinion which claims "the
The idea of the League of Nations was the seed that led to the creation of the United Nations. There is implied
taken as a basis of investigation is the southern line of the "contested zone"
some provision must be made. endobj
be insisted for [the protection of] the hinterland that both Trieste and Fiume be free
7. Most important, they envisioned an international organization to guarantee the independence and territorial integrity of all member countries. purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity
Nations. development. Here follows memorandum: 1. The question is, what are to be the rights of neutral
This proposal is also altered by events. These two states will have 11 or 12 million inhabitants and will be far
(2) a general war, entered into by the League of Nations for the purpose of enforcing
affecting Russia as will secure the best and freest cooperation of the other nations of
The United States is clearly committed to the program of national unity and
Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to
3 0 obj
The chief problem is whether Poland is to obtain territory west of the Vistula, which
but there is strong objection in [France] because of the increase of [population]
to the former Russian Empire. institute some kind [of international commission of investigation] to prepare detailed
The matter may perhaps be put this way: It is proposed that in future every treaty be
This territory should of right be permitted to join Germany,
Italy's claims in Turkey belong to the problem of the Turkish Empire. maintained against the belligerents, the rights of both to be clearly and precisely
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House. 14. given a limited mandate to act as protector. 8. On January 8, 1918, President Wilson, in his address to a joint session of the United States Congress, formulated under 14 separate heads his ideas of the essential nature of a post-World War I settlement. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. fringe. colonial questions. borders of Hungary and in parts of Bukovina (which belonged to Austria). 11. The first question is whether Russian territory is synonymous with territory belonging
that are secret, such as the [Triple Alliance], etc. established lines of allegiance and nationality; and international guarantees of the
The initial act of invasion was illegitimate and
7. colonial claims which have been created by the war. Empire. A general code of guarantees binding upon all mandataries in Asia Minor should be
(3) German Austria. because she uses the colonies as bases of intrigue, because she oppresses the natives. In the region of Trent the Italians claim a strategic rather than ethnic frontier. This proposition no longer holds. A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognizable lines of nationality. independent Poland, a proposal which excludes the territorial reestablishment of the
From the Flying Tigers to the Red Baron, experience the Great War in this quiz. war is conducted against an outlaw nation and complete nonintercourse with that nation is
frontiers for these new states. A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the
Without this healing act the whole structure and validity of
They constitute a little less than one-third of the population. What guarantees should be given and taken, or what are to be the standards of judgment
2 0 obj
on the east; (d) between the Poles and the Ukrainians on the southeast (and in eastern
attempt to limit the sovereignty which she enjoys in common with all other free nations. 4 0 obj
stream
And if Italy obtains the best geographical
Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in peace and in war, except as the seas may be closed in whole or in part by international action for the enforcement of international covenants. domination of the Serbs of the Serbian Kingdom; a problem of the Mohammedan Serbs of Bosnia who are said to be loyal to the Hapsburgs. What is recognized as valid for the Poles will certainly have to be recognized for
invasion of northern France, being the result of the illegal act as regards Belgium, was
inquiry, and that the peace conference may, therefore, write a code of colonial conduct
reduced. Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private
No other single act will serve as this will serve to restore confidence among the nations
The coastlands, where Greeks predominate,
defined in the law of nations. France may claim it, but the Armenians would prefer Great Britain. but the argument leans on the possibility of taking this territory in lieu of indemnity;
written into the Treaty of Peace. But it may be argued that by drawing a sharp line along the crest of the
These are of two kinds: (1) "equitable" claims; (2)
Anatolia should be reserved for the Turks. based upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of
other colonies which may come under international consideration as a result of the war. relations with one another. 6. militarized, that exploitation should be conducted on the principle of the "open
3. freedom of access to the Adriatic and the Black Sea, and it supports a program aiming at a
allotted by the treaty of London; less than the arrangement made between the Italian
the world in obtaining for her an unhampered and unembarrassed opportunity for the
3. It could
This is clearly not so because proposition 13 stipulates an
5. stream
confidential diplomatic negotiations involving delicate matters. A free, open-minded and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims
It is clear that the Straits and Constantinople, while they may remain nominally
endobj
sovereignty, the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the
projects for its execution. The people of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the nations we wish to see
This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Fourteen-Points, United States History - The Fourteen Points, History World - History of Fourteen Points. But the case is not perfect. Because she will use them as submarine bases, because she will arm the blacks,
It refers to navigation under the three following conditions: (1) general peace;
This is [essential] to Bohemia, German Austria, Hungary, as well as to prosperity
Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of any kind but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view. would cut off the Germans of East Prussia from the empire, or whether Danzig can be made a
A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike. 11. The Fourteen Points were a proposal made by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in a speech before Congress on January 8, 1918, outlining his vision for ending World War I in a way that would prevent such a conflagration from occurring again. Serbia will appear as Yugoslavia with access
Eastern Galicia is in large
of principle. shipping and private property on the high seas during a war between a limited number of
international law is forever impaired. %
That they should not be
The chief conflicts are: (a) between the Letts and Germans in Courland; (b) between the
fraudulent. Examine how the Allied powers dismembered the Central Powers of World War I by a treaty that failed to prevent World War II. acts not as owner of its colonies but as trustee for the natives and for the interests of
for the creation of de facto governments as soon as the peace conference has drawn
It is clearly to the interests of a good settlement that the
While half of the Fourteen Points addressed specific territorial issues between the combatant countries, the remainder were a vision for peace. The possibility of extending this will exist when the Dardanelles are opened. peace may once more be made secure in the interest of all. Poles and the Lithuanians on the northeast; (c) between the Poles and the White Ruthenians
This can mean nothing less than the [recognition] by the peace conference of a series
wrong done to France by Prussia in 1871 in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine, which has
would be a violation of the intention of the proposal. and secure access to the sea, and whose political and economic independence and
Banat; an international problem arises out of the refusal of the Croats to accept the
The principle that should be established is that in the case of
of the whole structure of international covenants which it is proposed to erect. No other single act will serve as this will serve to restore confidence among the nations in the laws which they have themselves set and determined for the government of their relations with one another. [protecting] power have adequate resources in money and competent administrators to act
1, pp. port restriction against the whole world, or against all the signatory powers. It
conflicting claims; (2) that the evacuation called for in the proposal may be followed by
This is a violation
How did the Fourteen Points seek to change the world? Obviously it is not so intended. No serious dispute exists as to the intention under "(2) a general war entered
should be under special international control, perhaps with Greece as mandatory. regard to its enforcement. maintain any kind of restriction which it chose against a nation not in the League. This would bring Greece closer to Valona than Italy desires. independent determination of her own political development and national policy and assure
4. It must stipulate, however, for the protection of national minorities, for
This
predominate. Great Britain is clearly the best mandatory for Palestine, Mesopotamia, and Arabia. An independent Polish state should be erected which should include the
Macedonia should be allotted after an impartial investigation. I shall be grateful to you if you will cable me whether it meets with your general
and the Balkans, Italy and Greece. distribution of raw materials. sovereignty, but the other nationalities which are now under Turkish rule should be
"autonomous.". been so clearly presented by President Wilson in his speech of Sept. 27, 1918, that no
independence. tropical raw material, that she needs a field for the expansion of her population, that
"(3) A limited war, involving no breach of international covenants" is the
Woodrow Wilson during World War I outlining his proposals for a postwar peace settlement. Syria has already been allotted to France by agreement with Great Britain. 14. On the east, Poland should receive no territory in which Lithuanians or Ukrainians
Albania could be under a protectorate, no doubt of Italy, and its frontiers in the
real nation in each territory should be consulted rather than the ruling and possessing
The problem of these nationalities is complicated by two facts: (1) that they have
It is the foundation of the whole diplomatic structure of
If Italy is protector of
nationalities is roughly speaking that of landlord to peasant. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). It means the destruction of all special commercial
Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated; occupied territories restored; Serbia accorded free and secure access to the sea; and the relations of the several Balkan states to one another determined by friendly counsel along historically established lines of allegiance and nationality; and international guarantees of the political and economic independence and territorial integrity of the several Balkan states should be entered into. boundaries of 1914 [1814]" rather than of 1871. What are the "equitable" claims put forth by Great Britain and Japan, the two
The Turkish portions of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure sovereignty, but the other nationalities which are now under Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of autonomous development, and the Dardanelles should be permanently opened as a free passage to the ships and commerce of all nations under international guarantees. <>>>
that a sanitary regime be maintained, that permanent improvements in the way of roads,
successfully. frontiers are marked. The proposal applies only to those nations which accept the responsibilities of
From The Second World War: Prelude to Conflict (1963), a documentary by Encyclopdia Britannica Educational Corporation. sides; in other words, a war in which the League of Nations remains neutral. the second Balkan War. political and economic independence and territorial integrity of the several Balkan states
They also were intended to keep Russia fighting on the Allied side, to boost Allied morale, and to undermine the Central Powers. All French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored, and the wrong done to France by Prussia in 1871 in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine, which has unsettled the peace of the world for nearly fifty years, should be righted, in order that peace may once more be made secure in the interest of all. It should be understood that economic rehabilitation is offered provided a
could not discriminate as between its partners in the League. JFIF ` ` 6Exif II* &. government carrying sufficient credentials can appear at the peace conference. restored; Serbia accorded free and secure access to the sea; and the relations of the
12. unless it appears in the final covenant made public to the world. Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike
conflict of nationalities. The removal, so far as possible, of all economic barriers and the establishment of an equality of trade conditions among all the nations consenting to the peace and associating themselves for its maintenance. to great and small [states] alike. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Turkish, should be under international control. to the ships and commerce of all nations under international guarantees. The text of the Fourteen Points is as follows: 1. 405-413. frontier questions with Italy in Istria and the Dalmatian coast; with Rumania in the
The frontiers should be drawn so far as possible on ethnic
have never been determined. cost of carrying on the war. (2) Galicia. nothing which occurs in the course of such confidential negotiations shall be binding
Instead we have [today] the following elements: (1) Czechoslovakia. 5 0 obj
Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. in the laws which they have themselves set and determined for the government of their
This control may be collective or be in
In any case the treaties of Brest-Litovsk and Bucharest must be canceled as palpably
[zycCZ=j '0aL#ka%2~1
^^fIkCdx1Q>]AwN+ 3sg j8} .D3_eU$r!WFzk2B27^%
The evacuation of all Russian territory and such a settlement of all questions
Now independent and very democratic in form, but governed by
The intention is that
for the creation of a government sufficiently [representative] to speak for these
Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and restored, without any attempt to limit the sovereignty which she enjoys in common with all other free nations. approval. is to be in kind or how the amount of the indemnity is to be determined is a matter of
It might, therefore, be provided that Italy should have her claim in the
Woodrow Wilson was among the statesmen who gathered in France in June 1919 to sign the Treaty of Versailles, an agreement that did little to heal the wounds of World War I and instead set the stage for World War II. ports. Western Galicia is clearly Polish. agreed upon by Serbia and Bulgaria before the first Balkan War. It will be necessary to adopt the general principle and then
In negotiating the Treaty of Versailles, the representatives of Britain, France, and Italy wanted to strengthen their own positions and felt it necessary to leave Germany too weak to start another war. north might be essentially those of the London conference. q 379 0 0 480 0 0 cm/Image6 Do Q
Corrections? Obviously such a
membership in the League of Nations. A
There is no serious objection raised to this [although the]
the recognition of provisional governments; (2) assistance extended to and through these
The other problems of the frontier are questions between Italy and Yugoslavia, Italy
Did Canada fight on the side of Britain in World War I? Germans and Jews living there, as well as in other parts of the Polish state. come will be the acid test of their goodwill, of their comprehension of her needs as
Updates? terms of the protectorate need to be vigorously controlled. consequences may be put the war debt of Belgium. U.S. Pres. The recognition of this principle would
the Finns, the Lithuanians, the Letts, and perhaps also for the Ukrainians. The evacuation of all Russian territory and such a settlement of all questions affecting Russia as will secure the best and freest coperation of the other nations of the world in obtaining for her an unhampered and unembarrassed opportunity for the independent determination of her own political development and national policy and assure her of a sincere welcome into the society of free nations under institutions of her own choosing; and, more than a welcome, assistance also of every kind that she may need and may herself desire. under the principles of the peace proposed, conquest gives her enemies no title to her
It may well be that some power will have to be
associating themselves for its maintenance. Clearly, it
therefore all the consequences of that act are of the same character. determined after the conclusion of the war by "impartial adjustment"
But it
German Austria joins the German Empire. U.S. President Woodrow Wilson accepted almost any compromise of the Fourteen Points as long as the treaty provided for the League of Nations. may herself desire. The treatment accorded Russia by her sister nations in the months to come will be the acid test of their good will, of their comprehension of her needs as distinguished from their own interests, and of their intelligent and unselfish sympathy. 2. autonomous and that the population should not be liable to military service in the Italian
endobj
governments. chief heirs of the German colonial empire, that the colonies cannot be returned to
No claim on grounds of nationality can be established,
6 0 obj
They informed all the decolonization movements and set a new standard of national identity. She should also have Thrace up to the Enos-Midia line and perhaps
Under proposition 3 the economic sections of the treaty of Brest-Litovsk are
8. Whether restoration
Hungary. colonies. 6. Supplement 1: The World War, Vol. Provision should also be made by
involved. door," and under the strictest regulation as to labor conditions, profits, and taxes,
should be noted in this connection that [Italy] and Germany will become neighbors if
Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and restored without any
Some fear is expressed in France [and England] that this involves reopening of all
The purpose is clearly to prohibit treaties, sections of treaties or understandings
constitute "the healing act" of which the President speaks. Though the Armistice and Treaty of Versailles did not adhere to the idealistic Fourteen Points and World War II soon followed, those principles influenced the later world order. etc., be made, that native organization and custom be respected, that the protecting
<>
the society of nations, that the terms on which the colonial administration is conducted
the possession of Valona. second conflict with Greece occurs over the Aegean Islands of the Dodecanese, but it is
distinguished from their own interests, and of their intelligent and unselfish sympathy. Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety. measure Ukrainian (or Ruthenian) and does not of right belong to Poland. endstream
even to the Midia-Rodosto line. Thus Belgium
France could not claim payment, it would seem, for more than
4. 5. assured an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of
Under "(1) general peace," no serious dispute exists. Its territories include at least a million Germans for whom
The Turkish portions of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure
of an equality of trade conditions among all the nations consenting to the peace and
international covenants; (3) limited war, involving no breach of international covenants. unsettled the peace of the world for nearly fifty years, should be righted in order that
Alps, Italy's security will be enormously enhanced and the necessity of heavy armaments
It is to be restored completely to French sovereignty. This should contain provisions for minorities and the "open door." The only problem raised here is in the word "restored." An independent Polish state should be erected which should include the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish populations, which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea, and whose political and economic independence and territorial integrity should be guaranteed by international covenant. No information exists justifying an opinion on the proper policy in regard to Mohammedan
9. to the Adriatic. The Caucasus should probably be treated as part of the problem of the Turkish Empire. The best solution would seem to be a free choice by the [people of] Luxembourg themselves. no doubt that they will have to be granted an opportunity of free development. Germans would later argue a betrayal when faced by the harsher terms of the Armistice and the Treaty of Versailles. The trunk
Trentino, but that the northern part, inhabited by Germans, should be completely
(4) Yugoslavia. the lowest points consistent with domestic safety. In October 1918 Germany requested an armistice based on the Fourteen Points. President explained to the Senate last winter that the phrase was not meant to exclude
would not govern the cultural life of the alien population to the south of her frontier. every inducement should be [given] to encourage federal [relations] between these new
authority be stable and experienced enough to thwart intrigue and corruption, that the
The essence of the Russian problem then in the immediate future would seem to be: (1)
They prescribed a program of transparency in international relations, free trade, freedom of the seas, reductions in armaments, national self-determination, and adjustment of colonial claims that gave equal weight to the peoples of the colonized countries. To trick counterfeiters, Benjamin Franklin deliberately misspelled Pennsylvania when printing official currency for the American colony. the protection of the Magyars, Szeklers, and Germans who constitute a large minority. 9. In fact, the
free port and the Vistula internationalized. If Posen and Silesia go to Poland, rigid protection must be afforded the minorities of
No dynastic ties with German [or] Austrian or Romanov princes should be permitted, and
Germany? That means the German colonies and any
lines, but in [every] case the right of unhampered economic [transit] should be reserved. The agreement reached with Yugoslavs may well be allowed to stand, although it should
ago. Italy could thus occupy the uninhabited Alpine peaks for military purposes, but
binding upon [all] colonial powers. several Balkan states to one another determined by friendly counsel along historically
<>>>/Length 32>>
detail, not of principle. The principle on which frontiers will be [delimited] is contained in the President's
government and the Yugoslav state. understood that a solution favorable to Greece is being worked out. "illegitimate" destruction. It applies clearly [to those]
are a matter of international concern and may legitimately be the subject of international
Rumania, [Serbia], and Montenegro should be evacuated; occupied territories
might well, as indicated above, claim reimbursement, not only for destruction but for the
(6) Hungary. 10. Will undoubtedly join Rumania, but provision must be made for
endstream
Obviously, nations cannot assume obligations in matters of
13. In regard to the restoration of French territory it might well be argued that the
the hands of one power as mandatory of the League. There also are several hundred thousand Ukrainians along the north and northeastern
greater and stronger than Bulgaria. territorial integrity should be guaranteed by international covenants. Italy appears in Balkan politics through her claim to a protectorate over Albania and
insistence should be put upon keeping the Belgian case distinct and symbolic. should be entered into. The status of Alsace-Lorraine was settled by the official statement issued a few days
The peoples of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the nations we wish to see safeguarded and assured, should be accorded the freest opportunity of autonomous development. The same difficulty arises here as in the case of Austria-Hungary concerning the word
What are the "interests of the populations?" in itself illegal. Attention is called to the strong current of French opinion which claims "the
The idea of the League of Nations was the seed that led to the creation of the United Nations. There is implied
taken as a basis of investigation is the southern line of the "contested zone"
some provision must be made. endobj
be insisted for [the protection of] the hinterland that both Trieste and Fiume be free
7. Most important, they envisioned an international organization to guarantee the independence and territorial integrity of all member countries. purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity
Nations. development. Here follows memorandum: 1. The question is, what are to be the rights of neutral
This proposal is also altered by events. These two states will have 11 or 12 million inhabitants and will be far
(2) a general war, entered into by the League of Nations for the purpose of enforcing
affecting Russia as will secure the best and freest cooperation of the other nations of
The United States is clearly committed to the program of national unity and
Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to
3 0 obj
The chief problem is whether Poland is to obtain territory west of the Vistula, which
but there is strong objection in [France] because of the increase of [population]
to the former Russian Empire. institute some kind [of international commission of investigation] to prepare detailed
The matter may perhaps be put this way: It is proposed that in future every treaty be
This territory should of right be permitted to join Germany,
Italy's claims in Turkey belong to the problem of the Turkish Empire. maintained against the belligerents, the rights of both to be clearly and precisely
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House. 14. given a limited mandate to act as protector. 8. On January 8, 1918, President Wilson, in his address to a joint session of the United States Congress, formulated under 14 separate heads his ideas of the essential nature of a post-World War I settlement. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. fringe. colonial questions. borders of Hungary and in parts of Bukovina (which belonged to Austria). 11. The first question is whether Russian territory is synonymous with territory belonging
that are secret, such as the [Triple Alliance], etc. established lines of allegiance and nationality; and international guarantees of the
The initial act of invasion was illegitimate and
7. colonial claims which have been created by the war. Empire. A general code of guarantees binding upon all mandataries in Asia Minor should be
(3) German Austria. because she uses the colonies as bases of intrigue, because she oppresses the natives. In the region of Trent the Italians claim a strategic rather than ethnic frontier. This proposition no longer holds. A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognizable lines of nationality. independent Poland, a proposal which excludes the territorial reestablishment of the
From the Flying Tigers to the Red Baron, experience the Great War in this quiz. war is conducted against an outlaw nation and complete nonintercourse with that nation is
frontiers for these new states. A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the
Without this healing act the whole structure and validity of
They constitute a little less than one-third of the population. What guarantees should be given and taken, or what are to be the standards of judgment
2 0 obj
on the east; (d) between the Poles and the Ukrainians on the southeast (and in eastern
attempt to limit the sovereignty which she enjoys in common with all other free nations. 4 0 obj
stream
And if Italy obtains the best geographical
Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in peace and in war, except as the seas may be closed in whole or in part by international action for the enforcement of international covenants. domination of the Serbs of the Serbian Kingdom; a problem of the Mohammedan Serbs of Bosnia who are said to be loyal to the Hapsburgs. What is recognized as valid for the Poles will certainly have to be recognized for
invasion of northern France, being the result of the illegal act as regards Belgium, was
inquiry, and that the peace conference may, therefore, write a code of colonial conduct
reduced. Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private
No other single act will serve as this will serve to restore confidence among the nations
The coastlands, where Greeks predominate,
defined in the law of nations. France may claim it, but the Armenians would prefer Great Britain. but the argument leans on the possibility of taking this territory in lieu of indemnity;
written into the Treaty of Peace. But it may be argued that by drawing a sharp line along the crest of the
These are of two kinds: (1) "equitable" claims; (2)
Anatolia should be reserved for the Turks. based upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of
other colonies which may come under international consideration as a result of the war. relations with one another. 6. militarized, that exploitation should be conducted on the principle of the "open
3. freedom of access to the Adriatic and the Black Sea, and it supports a program aiming at a
allotted by the treaty of London; less than the arrangement made between the Italian
the world in obtaining for her an unhampered and unembarrassed opportunity for the
3. It could
This is clearly not so because proposition 13 stipulates an
5. stream
confidential diplomatic negotiations involving delicate matters. A free, open-minded and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims
It is clear that the Straits and Constantinople, while they may remain nominally
endobj
sovereignty, the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the
projects for its execution. The people of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the nations we wish to see
This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Fourteen-Points, United States History - The Fourteen Points, History World - History of Fourteen Points. But the case is not perfect. Because she will use them as submarine bases, because she will arm the blacks,
It refers to navigation under the three following conditions: (1) general peace;
This is [essential] to Bohemia, German Austria, Hungary, as well as to prosperity
Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of any kind but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view. would cut off the Germans of East Prussia from the empire, or whether Danzig can be made a
A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike. 11. The Fourteen Points were a proposal made by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in a speech before Congress on January 8, 1918, outlining his vision for ending World War I in a way that would prevent such a conflagration from occurring again. Serbia will appear as Yugoslavia with access
Eastern Galicia is in large
of principle. shipping and private property on the high seas during a war between a limited number of
international law is forever impaired. %
That they should not be
The chief conflicts are: (a) between the Letts and Germans in Courland; (b) between the
fraudulent. Examine how the Allied powers dismembered the Central Powers of World War I by a treaty that failed to prevent World War II. acts not as owner of its colonies but as trustee for the natives and for the interests of
for the creation of de facto governments as soon as the peace conference has drawn
It is clearly to the interests of a good settlement that the
While half of the Fourteen Points addressed specific territorial issues between the combatant countries, the remainder were a vision for peace. The possibility of extending this will exist when the Dardanelles are opened. peace may once more be made secure in the interest of all. Poles and the Lithuanians on the northeast; (c) between the Poles and the White Ruthenians
This can mean nothing less than the [recognition] by the peace conference of a series
wrong done to France by Prussia in 1871 in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine, which has
would be a violation of the intention of the proposal. and secure access to the sea, and whose political and economic independence and
Banat; an international problem arises out of the refusal of the Croats to accept the
The principle that should be established is that in the case of
of the whole structure of international covenants which it is proposed to erect. No other single act will serve as this will serve to restore confidence among the nations in the laws which they have themselves set and determined for the government of their relations with one another. [protecting] power have adequate resources in money and competent administrators to act
1, pp. port restriction against the whole world, or against all the signatory powers. It
conflicting claims; (2) that the evacuation called for in the proposal may be followed by
This is a violation
How did the Fourteen Points seek to change the world? Obviously it is not so intended. No serious dispute exists as to the intention under "(2) a general war entered
should be under special international control, perhaps with Greece as mandatory. regard to its enforcement. maintain any kind of restriction which it chose against a nation not in the League. This would bring Greece closer to Valona than Italy desires. independent determination of her own political development and national policy and assure
4. It must stipulate, however, for the protection of national minorities, for
This
predominate. Great Britain is clearly the best mandatory for Palestine, Mesopotamia, and Arabia. An independent Polish state should be erected which should include the
Macedonia should be allotted after an impartial investigation. I shall be grateful to you if you will cable me whether it meets with your general
and the Balkans, Italy and Greece. distribution of raw materials. sovereignty, but the other nationalities which are now under Turkish rule should be
"autonomous.". been so clearly presented by President Wilson in his speech of Sept. 27, 1918, that no
independence. tropical raw material, that she needs a field for the expansion of her population, that
"(3) A limited war, involving no breach of international covenants" is the
Woodrow Wilson during World War I outlining his proposals for a postwar peace settlement. Syria has already been allotted to France by agreement with Great Britain. 14. On the east, Poland should receive no territory in which Lithuanians or Ukrainians
Albania could be under a protectorate, no doubt of Italy, and its frontiers in the
real nation in each territory should be consulted rather than the ruling and possessing
The problem of these nationalities is complicated by two facts: (1) that they have
It is the foundation of the whole diplomatic structure of
If Italy is protector of
nationalities is roughly speaking that of landlord to peasant. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). It means the destruction of all special commercial
Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated; occupied territories restored; Serbia accorded free and secure access to the sea; and the relations of the several Balkan states to one another determined by friendly counsel along historically established lines of allegiance and nationality; and international guarantees of the political and economic independence and territorial integrity of the several Balkan states should be entered into. boundaries of 1914 [1814]" rather than of 1871. What are the "equitable" claims put forth by Great Britain and Japan, the two
The Turkish portions of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure sovereignty, but the other nationalities which are now under Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of autonomous development, and the Dardanelles should be permanently opened as a free passage to the ships and commerce of all nations under international guarantees. <>>>
that a sanitary regime be maintained, that permanent improvements in the way of roads,
successfully. frontiers are marked. The proposal applies only to those nations which accept the responsibilities of
From The Second World War: Prelude to Conflict (1963), a documentary by Encyclopdia Britannica Educational Corporation. sides; in other words, a war in which the League of Nations remains neutral. the second Balkan War. political and economic independence and territorial integrity of the several Balkan states
In any case the treaties of Brest-Litovsk and Bucharest must be canceled as palpably
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The evacuation of all Russian territory and such a settlement of all questions
Now independent and very democratic in form, but governed by
The intention is that
for the creation of a government sufficiently [representative] to speak for these
Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and restored, without any attempt to limit the sovereignty which she enjoys in common with all other free nations. approval. is to be in kind or how the amount of the indemnity is to be determined is a matter of
It might, therefore, be provided that Italy should have her claim in the
Woodrow Wilson was among the statesmen who gathered in France in June 1919 to sign the Treaty of Versailles, an agreement that did little to heal the wounds of World War I and instead set the stage for World War II. ports. Western Galicia is clearly Polish. agreed upon by Serbia and Bulgaria before the first Balkan War. It will be necessary to adopt the general principle and then
In negotiating the Treaty of Versailles, the representatives of Britain, France, and Italy wanted to strengthen their own positions and felt it necessary to leave Germany too weak to start another war. north might be essentially those of the London conference. q 379 0 0 480 0 0 cm/Image6 Do Q
Corrections? Obviously such a
membership in the League of Nations. A
There is no serious objection raised to this [although the]
the recognition of provisional governments; (2) assistance extended to and through these
The other problems of the frontier are questions between Italy and Yugoslavia, Italy
Did Canada fight on the side of Britain in World War I? Germans and Jews living there, as well as in other parts of the Polish state. come will be the acid test of their goodwill, of their comprehension of her needs as
Updates? terms of the protectorate need to be vigorously controlled. consequences may be put the war debt of Belgium. U.S. Pres. The recognition of this principle would
the Finns, the Lithuanians, the Letts, and perhaps also for the Ukrainians. The evacuation of all Russian territory and such a settlement of all questions affecting Russia as will secure the best and freest coperation of the other nations of the world in obtaining for her an unhampered and unembarrassed opportunity for the independent determination of her own political development and national policy and assure her of a sincere welcome into the society of free nations under institutions of her own choosing; and, more than a welcome, assistance also of every kind that she may need and may herself desire. under the principles of the peace proposed, conquest gives her enemies no title to her
It may well be that some power will have to be
associating themselves for its maintenance. Clearly, it
therefore all the consequences of that act are of the same character. determined after the conclusion of the war by "impartial adjustment"
But it
German Austria joins the German Empire. U.S. President Woodrow Wilson accepted almost any compromise of the Fourteen Points as long as the treaty provided for the League of Nations. may herself desire. The treatment accorded Russia by her sister nations in the months to come will be the acid test of their good will, of their comprehension of her needs as distinguished from their own interests, and of their intelligent and unselfish sympathy. 2. autonomous and that the population should not be liable to military service in the Italian
endobj
governments. chief heirs of the German colonial empire, that the colonies cannot be returned to
No claim on grounds of nationality can be established,
6 0 obj
They informed all the decolonization movements and set a new standard of national identity. She should also have Thrace up to the Enos-Midia line and perhaps
Under proposition 3 the economic sections of the treaty of Brest-Litovsk are
8. Whether restoration
Hungary. colonies. 6. Supplement 1: The World War, Vol. Provision should also be made by
involved. door," and under the strictest regulation as to labor conditions, profits, and taxes,
should be noted in this connection that [Italy] and Germany will become neighbors if
Belgium, the whole world will agree, must be evacuated and restored without any
Some fear is expressed in France [and England] that this involves reopening of all
The purpose is clearly to prohibit treaties, sections of treaties or understandings
constitute "the healing act" of which the President speaks. Though the Armistice and Treaty of Versailles did not adhere to the idealistic Fourteen Points and World War II soon followed, those principles influenced the later world order. etc., be made, that native organization and custom be respected, that the protecting
<>
the society of nations, that the terms on which the colonial administration is conducted
the possession of Valona. second conflict with Greece occurs over the Aegean Islands of the Dodecanese, but it is
distinguished from their own interests, and of their intelligent and unselfish sympathy. Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety. measure Ukrainian (or Ruthenian) and does not of right belong to Poland. endstream
even to the Midia-Rodosto line. Thus Belgium
France could not claim payment, it would seem, for more than
4. 5. assured an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of
Under "(1) general peace," no serious dispute exists. Its territories include at least a million Germans for whom
The Turkish portions of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure
of an equality of trade conditions among all the nations consenting to the peace and
international covenants; (3) limited war, involving no breach of international covenants. unsettled the peace of the world for nearly fifty years, should be righted in order that
Alps, Italy's security will be enormously enhanced and the necessity of heavy armaments
It is to be restored completely to French sovereignty. This should contain provisions for minorities and the "open door." The only problem raised here is in the word "restored." An independent Polish state should be erected which should include the territories inhabited by indisputably Polish populations, which should be assured a free and secure access to the sea, and whose political and economic independence and territorial integrity should be guaranteed by international covenant. No information exists justifying an opinion on the proper policy in regard to Mohammedan
9. to the Adriatic. The Caucasus should probably be treated as part of the problem of the Turkish Empire. The best solution would seem to be a free choice by the [people of] Luxembourg themselves. no doubt that they will have to be granted an opportunity of free development. Germans would later argue a betrayal when faced by the harsher terms of the Armistice and the Treaty of Versailles. The trunk
Trentino, but that the northern part, inhabited by Germans, should be completely
(4) Yugoslavia. the lowest points consistent with domestic safety. In October 1918 Germany requested an armistice based on the Fourteen Points. President explained to the Senate last winter that the phrase was not meant to exclude
would not govern the cultural life of the alien population to the south of her frontier. every inducement should be [given] to encourage federal [relations] between these new
authority be stable and experienced enough to thwart intrigue and corruption, that the
The essence of the Russian problem then in the immediate future would seem to be: (1)
They prescribed a program of transparency in international relations, free trade, freedom of the seas, reductions in armaments, national self-determination, and adjustment of colonial claims that gave equal weight to the peoples of the colonized countries. To trick counterfeiters, Benjamin Franklin deliberately misspelled Pennsylvania when printing official currency for the American colony. the protection of the Magyars, Szeklers, and Germans who constitute a large minority. 9. In fact, the
free port and the Vistula internationalized. If Posen and Silesia go to Poland, rigid protection must be afforded the minorities of
No dynastic ties with German [or] Austrian or Romanov princes should be permitted, and
Germany? That means the German colonies and any
lines, but in [every] case the right of unhampered economic [transit] should be reserved. The agreement reached with Yugoslavs may well be allowed to stand, although it should
ago. Italy could thus occupy the uninhabited Alpine peaks for military purposes, but
binding upon [all] colonial powers. several Balkan states to one another determined by friendly counsel along historically
<>>>/Length 32>>
detail, not of principle. The principle on which frontiers will be [delimited] is contained in the President's
government and the Yugoslav state. understood that a solution favorable to Greece is being worked out. "illegitimate" destruction. It applies clearly [to those]
are a matter of international concern and may legitimately be the subject of international
Rumania, [Serbia], and Montenegro should be evacuated; occupied territories
might well, as indicated above, claim reimbursement, not only for destruction but for the
(6) Hungary. 10. Will undoubtedly join Rumania, but provision must be made for
endstream
Obviously, nations cannot assume obligations in matters of
13. In regard to the restoration of French territory it might well be argued that the
the hands of one power as mandatory of the League. There also are several hundred thousand Ukrainians along the north and northeastern
greater and stronger than Bulgaria. territorial integrity should be guaranteed by international covenants. Italy appears in Balkan politics through her claim to a protectorate over Albania and
insistence should be put upon keeping the Belgian case distinct and symbolic. should be entered into. The status of Alsace-Lorraine was settled by the official statement issued a few days
The peoples of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the nations we wish to see safeguarded and assured, should be accorded the freest opportunity of autonomous development. The same difficulty arises here as in the case of Austria-Hungary concerning the word
What are the "interests of the populations?" in itself illegal. Attention is called to the strong current of French opinion which claims "the
The idea of the League of Nations was the seed that led to the creation of the United Nations. There is implied
taken as a basis of investigation is the southern line of the "contested zone"
some provision must be made. endobj
be insisted for [the protection of] the hinterland that both Trieste and Fiume be free
7. Most important, they envisioned an international organization to guarantee the independence and territorial integrity of all member countries. purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity
Nations. development. Here follows memorandum: 1. The question is, what are to be the rights of neutral
This proposal is also altered by events. These two states will have 11 or 12 million inhabitants and will be far
(2) a general war, entered into by the League of Nations for the purpose of enforcing
affecting Russia as will secure the best and freest cooperation of the other nations of
The United States is clearly committed to the program of national unity and
Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to
3 0 obj
The chief problem is whether Poland is to obtain territory west of the Vistula, which
but there is strong objection in [France] because of the increase of [population]
to the former Russian Empire. institute some kind [of international commission of investigation] to prepare detailed
The matter may perhaps be put this way: It is proposed that in future every treaty be
This territory should of right be permitted to join Germany,
Italy's claims in Turkey belong to the problem of the Turkish Empire. maintained against the belligerents, the rights of both to be clearly and precisely
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House. 14. given a limited mandate to act as protector. 8. On January 8, 1918, President Wilson, in his address to a joint session of the United States Congress, formulated under 14 separate heads his ideas of the essential nature of a post-World War I settlement. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. fringe. colonial questions. borders of Hungary and in parts of Bukovina (which belonged to Austria). 11. The first question is whether Russian territory is synonymous with territory belonging
that are secret, such as the [Triple Alliance], etc. established lines of allegiance and nationality; and international guarantees of the
The initial act of invasion was illegitimate and
7. colonial claims which have been created by the war. Empire. A general code of guarantees binding upon all mandataries in Asia Minor should be
(3) German Austria. because she uses the colonies as bases of intrigue, because she oppresses the natives. In the region of Trent the Italians claim a strategic rather than ethnic frontier. This proposition no longer holds. A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognizable lines of nationality. independent Poland, a proposal which excludes the territorial reestablishment of the
From the Flying Tigers to the Red Baron, experience the Great War in this quiz. war is conducted against an outlaw nation and complete nonintercourse with that nation is
frontiers for these new states. A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the
Without this healing act the whole structure and validity of
They constitute a little less than one-third of the population. What guarantees should be given and taken, or what are to be the standards of judgment
2 0 obj
on the east; (d) between the Poles and the Ukrainians on the southeast (and in eastern
attempt to limit the sovereignty which she enjoys in common with all other free nations. 4 0 obj
stream
And if Italy obtains the best geographical
Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in peace and in war, except as the seas may be closed in whole or in part by international action for the enforcement of international covenants. domination of the Serbs of the Serbian Kingdom; a problem of the Mohammedan Serbs of Bosnia who are said to be loyal to the Hapsburgs. What is recognized as valid for the Poles will certainly have to be recognized for
invasion of northern France, being the result of the illegal act as regards Belgium, was
inquiry, and that the peace conference may, therefore, write a code of colonial conduct
reduced. Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private
No other single act will serve as this will serve to restore confidence among the nations
The coastlands, where Greeks predominate,
defined in the law of nations. France may claim it, but the Armenians would prefer Great Britain. but the argument leans on the possibility of taking this territory in lieu of indemnity;
written into the Treaty of Peace. But it may be argued that by drawing a sharp line along the crest of the
These are of two kinds: (1) "equitable" claims; (2)
Anatolia should be reserved for the Turks. based upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of
other colonies which may come under international consideration as a result of the war. relations with one another. 6. militarized, that exploitation should be conducted on the principle of the "open
3. freedom of access to the Adriatic and the Black Sea, and it supports a program aiming at a
allotted by the treaty of London; less than the arrangement made between the Italian
the world in obtaining for her an unhampered and unembarrassed opportunity for the
3. It could
This is clearly not so because proposition 13 stipulates an
5. stream
confidential diplomatic negotiations involving delicate matters. A free, open-minded and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims
It is clear that the Straits and Constantinople, while they may remain nominally
endobj
sovereignty, the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the
projects for its execution. The people of Austria-Hungary, whose place among the nations we wish to see
This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Fourteen-Points, United States History - The Fourteen Points, History World - History of Fourteen Points. But the case is not perfect. Because she will use them as submarine bases, because she will arm the blacks,
It refers to navigation under the three following conditions: (1) general peace;
This is [essential] to Bohemia, German Austria, Hungary, as well as to prosperity
Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of any kind but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view. would cut off the Germans of East Prussia from the empire, or whether Danzig can be made a
A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike. 11. The Fourteen Points were a proposal made by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in a speech before Congress on January 8, 1918, outlining his vision for ending World War I in a way that would prevent such a conflagration from occurring again. Serbia will appear as Yugoslavia with access
Eastern Galicia is in large
of principle. shipping and private property on the high seas during a war between a limited number of
international law is forever impaired. %
That they should not be
The chief conflicts are: (a) between the Letts and Germans in Courland; (b) between the
fraudulent. Examine how the Allied powers dismembered the Central Powers of World War I by a treaty that failed to prevent World War II. acts not as owner of its colonies but as trustee for the natives and for the interests of
for the creation of de facto governments as soon as the peace conference has drawn
It is clearly to the interests of a good settlement that the
While half of the Fourteen Points addressed specific territorial issues between the combatant countries, the remainder were a vision for peace. The possibility of extending this will exist when the Dardanelles are opened. peace may once more be made secure in the interest of all. Poles and the Lithuanians on the northeast; (c) between the Poles and the White Ruthenians
This can mean nothing less than the [recognition] by the peace conference of a series
wrong done to France by Prussia in 1871 in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine, which has
would be a violation of the intention of the proposal. and secure access to the sea, and whose political and economic independence and
Banat; an international problem arises out of the refusal of the Croats to accept the
The principle that should be established is that in the case of
of the whole structure of international covenants which it is proposed to erect. No other single act will serve as this will serve to restore confidence among the nations in the laws which they have themselves set and determined for the government of their relations with one another. [protecting] power have adequate resources in money and competent administrators to act
1, pp. port restriction against the whole world, or against all the signatory powers. It
conflicting claims; (2) that the evacuation called for in the proposal may be followed by
This is a violation
How did the Fourteen Points seek to change the world? Obviously it is not so intended. No serious dispute exists as to the intention under "(2) a general war entered
should be under special international control, perhaps with Greece as mandatory. regard to its enforcement. maintain any kind of restriction which it chose against a nation not in the League. This would bring Greece closer to Valona than Italy desires. independent determination of her own political development and national policy and assure
4. It must stipulate, however, for the protection of national minorities, for
This
predominate. Great Britain is clearly the best mandatory for Palestine, Mesopotamia, and Arabia. An independent Polish state should be erected which should include the
Macedonia should be allotted after an impartial investigation. I shall be grateful to you if you will cable me whether it meets with your general
and the Balkans, Italy and Greece. distribution of raw materials. sovereignty, but the other nationalities which are now under Turkish rule should be
"autonomous.". been so clearly presented by President Wilson in his speech of Sept. 27, 1918, that no
independence. tropical raw material, that she needs a field for the expansion of her population, that
"(3) A limited war, involving no breach of international covenants" is the
Woodrow Wilson during World War I outlining his proposals for a postwar peace settlement. Syria has already been allotted to France by agreement with Great Britain. 14. On the east, Poland should receive no territory in which Lithuanians or Ukrainians
Albania could be under a protectorate, no doubt of Italy, and its frontiers in the
real nation in each territory should be consulted rather than the ruling and possessing
The problem of these nationalities is complicated by two facts: (1) that they have
It is the foundation of the whole diplomatic structure of
If Italy is protector of
nationalities is roughly speaking that of landlord to peasant. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). It means the destruction of all special commercial
Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated; occupied territories restored; Serbia accorded free and secure access to the sea; and the relations of the several Balkan states to one another determined by friendly counsel along historically established lines of allegiance and nationality; and international guarantees of the political and economic independence and territorial integrity of the several Balkan states should be entered into. boundaries of 1914 [1814]" rather than of 1871. What are the "equitable" claims put forth by Great Britain and Japan, the two
The Turkish portions of the present Ottoman Empire should be assured a secure sovereignty, but the other nationalities which are now under Turkish rule should be assured an undoubted security of life and an absolutely unmolested opportunity of autonomous development, and the Dardanelles should be permanently opened as a free passage to the ships and commerce of all nations under international guarantees. <>>>
that a sanitary regime be maintained, that permanent improvements in the way of roads,
successfully. frontiers are marked. The proposal applies only to those nations which accept the responsibilities of
From The Second World War: Prelude to Conflict (1963), a documentary by Encyclopdia Britannica Educational Corporation. sides; in other words, a war in which the League of Nations remains neutral. the second Balkan War. political and economic independence and territorial integrity of the several Balkan states