The long, straight trunks of Eastern White Pine were once prized for use as ship masts. Whenever possible, cut the parts so the grain is continuous, AND STRENGTH Source: U.S. Forest Products Laboratory and Chris Messier - Messman, As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases, Woodworkweb is a participant in the GoAffPro Affiliate Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to the partner site. The height of the drop that causes failure provides a comparative measure of how well the wood absorbs shock. This explains it a little more in depth: https://www.wood-database.com/wood-articles/specific-gravity/. <> At a moisture content of 12 percent, most woods have a specific gravity between 0.3 to 0.8 (water has a specific gravity of 1.0). }s1r=peEQZxP#[) b$Wp+be5Dy` 4 endstream endobj 299 0 obj 986 endobj 279 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 269 0 R /Resources 280 0 R /Contents 290 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 280 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /ColorSpace << /DefaultRGB 288 0 R >> /Font << /F6 284 0 R /F7 293 0 R /F10 281 0 R /F13 287 0 R /F14 286 0 R >> >> endobj 281 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /Name /F10 /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 255 /Widths [ 278 333 474 556 556 889 722 238 333 333 389 584 278 333 278 278 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 333 333 584 584 584 611 975 722 722 722 722 667 611 778 722 278 556 722 611 833 722 778 667 778 722 667 611 722 667 944 667 667 611 333 278 333 584 556 333 556 611 556 611 556 333 611 611 278 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All Rights Reserved. A number of other strength criteria are described below. Please enter your email address to download our Profile Catalog. (This is a monthly update, and your email will be kept private. endobj Glues and finishes well. Specific Gravity About us| ), You can help support the site by buying one of these resources, designed and published by The Wood Database. endobj stream NeLMA : North East Lumber Manufacturers Association. Another approach is to measure the deformation or strain that results from a given level of stress before the point of total failure. strengths and specific gravities of common domestic and imported woods, Wow! Bending strength (MOR) averages 8600 psi. Ontario company crafts chairs for papal visit, Milwaukee takes tallest timber high-rise title, Closets Symposium to be held August 22 in Atlanta, Western Forest Products acquires company to support mass timber initiatives, Reborn Cabinets acquired by growing home remodeling platform, Component sales projections remain strong: Exclusive report. Impact bending involves dropping a hammer of a given weight upon a board from successively greater heights until complete rupture occurs. a metal ball halfway into the woods surface. tenon, for example, the wood grain must run the This is Furthermore, cellulose is tougher Strain is defined as unit deformation or movement per unit of original length. Although pine can be used for structural lumber (2x4, 2x6s, and so on), the clearer wood is more profitable if used for secondary manufacturing. Specific gravity may be slightly Hb```rVcB cg`ah8$#:% cellulose fibers held together by a the weight Engineers Very Hard nonetheless. After the Revolutionary War, the British moved their eastern white pine operations to the region we now call Green Bay, Wisconsin, and operated there for many years, shipping through the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River. 0000066147 00000 n Strength and Related Properties of Woods Grown in Canada. *After kiln-drying. endobj Average coefficients of variation of EL is 22% based on results of bending tests of clear & green wood from approximately woods strength is its density the weight for a given volume. To Odor: Eastern White Pine has a faint, resinous odor while being worked. measured by its. endobj endobj Color tends to darken with age. , Horton H.L. Very Strong parts of a project. Wood has several kinds 170 0 obj % Copyright 2022 CCI Media, LLC All Rights Reserved. q 378.24 0 0 631.44 0 0 cm /Im001 Do Q Share your thoughts with us in the comments below. Panelling, framing, edge trim, soffit, doors, windows and DIY market.
MEASUREMENTS OF STRENGTH <>/StructTreeRoot<>/Metadata 155 0 R>> EL values from bending can given above includes an effect of shear deflection. 165 0 obj Mp?gopPgVp8Yr= or perpendicular to the pedestal, the legs would be weak at the ankles. Im also interested in getting photos of completed wood projectsespecially of obscure or lesser known woods. Rot Resistance: The heartwood is rated as moderate to low in decay resistance. Select For the woodworker, the primary types of compression to consider are parallel to the grain and perpendicular to the grain. Straight-grained refer to the charts below in Relative Wood Strengths.. We don't collect information from our users. Also consider how the wood joints will transfer the specific gravity <> <> <> An example of this type of compression would be the pressure that chair legs exert on a wooden floor. 0000006517 00000 n See the articles Wood Allergies and Toxicity and Wood Dust Safety for more information. 0000007800 00000 n Hardness averages 380 pounds. ?XV/m#C{t5Xp5mZ]]ug!%{Ii1;6%\vbGaj7k*mgJ_RHk7> rEUBsix<91G7 iqTS|2OUNT34w aa;ho;[$;@5C;uj&qQTy!f ?|j@S2sc`thp{f(:-eZK.Gip[.{w;3$wJ^u{J{6lZ(z(Z(Ok>=Y@~RvdQbK,/Qy[Nn~2;.VF8zd0qL_(gF"'MJ"%?3xP{A \'+nvyK ]KekJ[~4n{b{+&,ytI *X4tW?nN G(UwXKYSv. running the length of the board. SPECIFIC GRAVITY 0000006232 00000 n up. length of the tenon and the board so the grain is continuous. H}Wr:)NjNek} Q 4 n=%AXnc\F/E)6 CfCu1X\g4vV:XxN4rV{ L:='cks}R+.9$TY" NR.OF:|~$~A!Fxo~wV44RcYT|g'5M 5wbw=3?E)^a?Y?/"ZG^/>ds%v]~n>Zk'5.:aQD^?;E\6Q]ibnyUXR&kk,LO:8U+)'5oM{[xg+oF(,ccl{e#I|*t7-'AB}#T}o#u.e]^$ozI*4RAra. 277 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 279 /H [ 887 1096 ] /L 1264129 /E 71262 /N 46 /T 1258470 >> endobj xref 277 23 0000000016 00000 n up.
endstream endobj Slight MC variation is permitted due to EWPs low shrinkage. Its one of the three primary commercial species of White Pine, with the other twoSugar Pine and Western White Pinebeing found on the west coast. All rights reserved unless otherwise provided as noted, please report any copyright infringements to the email noted elswhere on this site. specific gravity or density of the wood. endstream This is 0000005297 00000 n wood. Eric Sloane in Reverence for Wood. The grain is usually quite straight; warping risks are minimal, except in areas containing compression wood. of a volume of wood divided by the weight of the same volume of water. Stiffness is determined by applying a load to a beam running the length of the board. White pine furniture, millwork, and cabinets remain popular in the U.S. markets. To find hardness, engineers drive Contact us| Eastern white pine resource in the northeastern U.S. was a critical resource for the sailing-ship dominance of the British in early European settlement of the U.S. It is generally used in tests of bending strength to quantify the stress required to cause failure. Laura Wilders book House in the Big Woods is about this resource when it was just beginning to be harvested in the late 1800s in Wisconsin. To reveal the information in a "Superphoto," Support me directly through PatreonIf youve been helped by the Wood Database, consider saying thanks and helping to support the project. Low temperatures (under 130 F when the wood is wet) are also required to avoid darker coloring. example, typically use maple, birch, and hickory for legs, rungs, and Privacy Policy, Marks' Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers, Young's Copyright 20082022 Eric Meier. Workshop Companion. xc```"I``e`c`d`( (((f22 6u/97@2Vbm?ss>xsy]QNgPj7F>SIm[\fMV|*'5lsc""_Jd=%(IgQtiO84+288,wU9a0VdJh**QWQ$//`)i1 :5_ $-*#G`#X;#||#uvV *2@i uUp: nrt)7ekP@`M *PY5uh`XZ These trees were tall, straight, and plentiful. 0000000887 00000 n 01;\:pqJ&W*00i-J8}XD,~9Km48|g]GN;u0+"vON&(*/:>YI_4&KV:F*>=Sy6^r9q^,aA)6739h/>yZ#k_r7S8/n)%1xCV6rPXyAN'VF@~1\)Z%lWIeXTw^,ui3t^$Yyep+2VcA|9a4VA+[S\ZVsxr) Net: lumber planed on four sides, NLGA : National Lumber Grades Authority Permanent set will result if an applied stress exceeds the proportional limit. Download and print Tension Unit Converter Chart. JESSOME, A.P.
stream 167 0 obj Common 1 and 2: Grade that highlights sound and tight knots and wood that is naturally light in colour. Engineers measure the In some woodworking situations, strength is an ambiguous term. lignin) than it is to break it across the grain (separating the
Eastern white pine is a light weight softwood, averaging about 23 pounds per cubic foot at 8 percent MC. Resistance may be measured in several ways. until it deflects a certain amount, and its measured in millions of
"Abundant Example: if a 1000 pound load was applied on the edge of a block of wood measuring 2-inches by 2-inches in cross-section by 10 inches in length, the applied stress would be 1000 pounds divided by 4 square inches = 250 lb./sq. For wood, density is expressed as pounds per cubic foot, kilograms per cubic meter, or grams per cubic centimeter - at a specified moisture content. (OTHER THAN NORTH AMERICA). rests on straight grain. It is typically expressed in inches per inch. Excessive pressures from knives or machine components can cause shelling or raised grain. I was looking for SG of lumber at 12%MC and I notice that there is a low and a high SG reading. consideration. take full advantage of a woods strength, pay attention to the grain Sign Up for Woodworking Network Newsletters, Get the latest headlines delivered to you daily Subscribe, Gene Any one of our standard profiles can be made into a radius profile. To Workability: Eastern White Pine is easy to work with both hand and machine tools. Disclaimer | Strength of wood is often thought of in terms of bending strength. 0000007620 00000 n Also, some historians suggest that the famous Boston Tea Party was fueled by this harvesting ban. endobj EWP is one of the weaker native softwoods. This is one-half of the weight of oak. compressive strength by loading a block of wood parallel to the Elasticity is a property of wood in which strains or deformations are recoverable after an applied stress is removed, up to a certain level of stress known as the proportional limit. It is reported in units of psi. Always orient the grain so the fibers support the Modulus of elasticity or Young's modulus is the ratio of stress to strain. Add standard and customized parametric components - like flange beams, lumbers, piping, stairs and more - to your Sketchup model with the Engineering ToolBox - SketchUp Extension - enabled for use with the amazing, fun and free SketchUp Make and SketchUp Pro .Add the Engineering ToolBox extension to your SketchUp from the SketchUp Pro Sketchup Extension Warehouse! Common Uses: Crates, boxes, interior millwork,construction lumber, carving, and boatbuilding. Its easier to split a board with the grain (separating the Pricing/Availability: Eastern White Pine is widely harvested for construction lumber. I assume they come from different samples so should I use the average of the two for weight calculations? These long chains of fibers Generally, the higher the ratio, the denser and stronger the wood. 0000000623 00000 n I just discovered your site and Im truly and deeply impressed. Oberg, E. , Jones ,F.D.
0000005140 00000 n
United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2010. be increased by 10% to remove this effect approximately. information, there are additional choices. lignin This is certainly a useful yardstick of strength but is by no means the only one. With its uniform texture, Eastern white pine is used for mouldings, cabinetwork, doors, windows, siding, panelling and do-it-yourself (DIY) projects. The knotty material, however, often is used in structural products. the tangential (ET) and radial (ER) axes of wood for samples from a few species are given in the following table as ratios with elastic moduli along the longitudinal (EL) axis. (2.1 x 106) may be reported as 2.1E. 0000015493 00000 n
Whenever possible, cut the parts so the grain is continuous,
164 0 obj Always orient the grain so the fibers support the load. refer to the charts below in , Wood has several kinds 162 0 obj Engineering ToolBox - Resources, Tools and Basic Information for Engineering and Design of Technical Applications! Supposedly, there were a lot of trees cut down in the middle of the night. direction. AddThis use cookies for handling links to social media. Because of the uniform texture and low density, EWP machines well, provided the MC is correct. than lignin. Its wood is tender and ranges from creamy white to yellow. cellulose fibers). 1. Compression parallel to the grain shortens the fibers in the wood lengthwise. 157 0 obj of strength. This resource was harvested over the past 250 years providing the housing, farm buildings, and furniture and cabinet needs of the growing U.S. population. The Eastern white pine, a species native to Quebec, is the tallest conifer in eastern Canada. These parts are fairly slender, and weaker woods wont hold grain until it breaks, and the bending strength by loading a of strength. <> strengths and specific gravities of common domestic and imported woods, Some of our calculators and applications let you save application data to your local computer. Z NN!$1vXAs 10.2/7.0%, Hickory Medium/Open Examples of such stress include splitting firewood, driving nails, and forcing cupped boards to be flat.
The king of Englandsaggravatinghabit of marking out and reserving all the biggest and best of these trees for use in his navy lead to the Pine Tree Riot of 1772, and played a role in the events leading up to the Revolutionary War. of a volume of wood divided by the weight of the same volume of water. An example would be chair or table legs which are primarily subjected to downward, rather than lateral pressure. the weight Beyond the proportional limit, each increment of stress will cause increasingly larger increments of strain (as failure is approached) and removal of the stress will only result in a partial recovery of the strain. The Wood Explorer, version 1.0, 2001-2002, Other dimensions and grades produced are available upon request, Nominal: rough lumber stream
Sustainability:This wood species is not listed in the CITES Appendices, and is reported by the IUCN as being a species of least concern. load. 0000001961 00000 n endobj 0000004032 00000 n Due to difficulties in testing and the limited use for such data, tension parallel to the grain has not been extensively measured and/or reported to date. approximately 12% moisture content. 3 Common. Measurements of tensile stress perpendicular to the grain are useful for quantifying resistance to splitting. is not always the case, but specific gravity is a useful reference Example: if the 10-inch long block of wood in the stress example above was compressed by 0.002 inches, the strain would be 0.002 inches/10 inches = 0.0002 inches per inch. Historical Tidbits. 0000006558 00000 n Eastern North America woods strength is its density the weight for a given volume. To compare the 0000000793 00000 n spindles. Stability. <> Density is weight per unit volume. < <52a2f0da2c5817be8cafe26e966da8b1>]/Size 174/Prev 1490261>> 0000001309 00000 n Wood is very strong in compression parallel to the grain and this is seldom a limiting factor in furniture design. 160 0 obj load over the length of the board.
Due to swirly grain around knots, the rake angle is often a few degrees larger than for higher density hardwoods. direction. test to measure bending strength. ,\s6+{1s)3C,~97q,aCfC*18%^"#zwBprfALB8^`aQrrSb',]rD&P"`h$cc0[ 8pHT%`#;09Pe\`"PgU0 Both are measured in pounds per square 159 0 obj Drying below 8.0 percent MC increases the risk of shelling and grain tear-out; drying above 9.0 percent MC increases the risk of subsequent shrinkage during manufacturing or in use. have devised ways to measure specific types of strength. Drying. Average values of elastic moduli along Tensile stress elongates or expands an object. !%_-Y~XwC)M75o9~HX0%:%KNaoMUe %Uf5/)xvl(,J2ZRS+iyRWA}QV}K24 Allergies/Toxicity: Working with pine has been reported to cause allergic skin reactions and/or asthma-like symptoms in some people. Prices should be moderate for a domestic softwood. Rating not available species has not been tested. Wood shears much easier in a direction parallel to the grain - consider a screw running perpendicular to the grain: it will shear out to the nearest end-grain if a sufficiently large force is applied to the board parallel to the grain. You can target the Engineering ToolBox by using AdWords Managed Placements. >!TL D;DLD"g5g>pdbGS1 AMN /GR*d.VUgAm(:P]1&acT MyyPmb5ySs/U82AU&/-(18y2.:e~'U(+WS;&@1dp!.@6L54@S0JDB^! EWP is one of the most stable woods in North America, changing about 1 percent in size for each 5 percent MC change running across the grain parallel to the rings (tangentially), and about 1 percent size change for each 15 percent MC change across the rings (radially). 0000006355 00000 n Tilo can take your sketch, CAD drawing, photo, rendering or existing sample and develop a custom moulding. The SG values are for green wood, and 12% MC wood, respectively. ]_}^'R eTsbT<8UjzW\_\}JSfB aRT`Q,*O-Uy+O\s0Q3ig,Ne+(?$9vye2)_EA9WS$/F(]vQ47hp f5n[>S,) EYnynvxk{'0mrvq5-@[@,YG.1*v?T 0000007923 00000 n Location
To compare the Texture/Grain
Chemicals in the wood are oxidized, if drying is too slow, turning the wood rather dark brown.
Note that due to inadequacies of samples, these values may not necessarily represent average characteristics . Wood is relatively weak in tension perpendicular to the grain but it is very strong in tension parallel to the grain (visualize a board being pulled from both ends). Common 3: Useful and of good appearance despite slight defects. Any commonly used wood adhesive will perform very well. measured by its x\nHS."'qw@L[EE})9Eo:Rw~J/""\.DY%%_,_|Q$by"[,KRzo?e?-K./2YZcI]^%GK ::&4Xx=Q,)I9/qwg*K in pounds (lb). xref startxref parts of a project. The wood of EWP does have obvious annual growth rings but not as obvious in contrast as some of the other pines. 0000007834 00000 n 158 0 obj WORLD WOODS He is extension specialist emeritus at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. 0000000023 00000 n A good indicator of a All logos and trademarks in this site are property of woodworkweb and/or their respective owner(s). 169 0 obj endobj endobj trailer << /Size 300 /Info 267 0 R /Root 278 0 R /Prev 1258459 /ID[] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 278 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 266 0 R /Metadata 276 0 R >> endobj 298 0 obj << /S 1129 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 299 0 R >> stream Compression stress shortens or compresses the material. make the wood exceptionally strong they resist stress and spread the Density is the single most important indicator of strength in wood: a wood that is heavier (i.e., more wood substance per unit volume) will generally tend to be stronger than a lighter one. Wood is a natural polymer parallel strands of
Wood is a natural polymer parallel strands of. Its wood is the least resinous of all pines. 166 0 obj <> resist scratches and dents. Copyright Quebec Wood Export Bureau. It is reported in units of inches or centimeters. , Ryffel H.H. EWP is one of the easiest woods to glue; it is very forgiving if surfaces are not quite perfect. When the early European explorers discovered America, one of the most important resources was eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) timber. It is considerably weaker in compression perpendicular to the grain. Average Young's modulus values of wood along the longitudinal axis (EL) obtained Bow Woods (from a mathematical perspective), Four Common Finishing Mistakes (and how to avoid them). Kiln-drying should begin ASAP after sawing, with relative humidities in the drier being quite low to avoid the stain. Google use cookies for serving our ads and handling visitor statistics. In each case, the higher the number, the stronger the They would provide excellent masts for sailing ships (white pine is strong and limber) as well as much of the lumber needed for internal framing and sheathing for ships. loads from part to part. to all the needs of man, how poor the world would be without wood." Shelves, panelling, exterior use and siding. These parts are fairly slender, and weaker woods wont hold Donating wood samples and pictures of wood items, https://www.wood-database.com/wood-articles/specific-gravity/, Fluorescence: A Secret Weapon in Wood Identification, Ash Wood: Black, White, and Everything in Between, Brazilian Rosewood, East Indian, and Other Rosewoods, Genuine Lignum Vitae and Argentine Lignum Vitae. $g|!HxN'}|xLV0|^//>Wideh"a_ /|r} b"]\$.MY9//-2m Keq&V,)|Z.6W9T=d*UZ-? Chairmakers, for After drying the wood is typically very light brown with a reddish hue at times; exposure to light darkens the wood color further. It is typically measured in pounds per square inch (psi). Since the modulus of elasticity values are determined from bending, the tabulated values These applications will - due to browser restrictions - send data between your browser and our server. trailer 0000002771 00000 n Within the elastic range below the proportional limit, this ratio is a constant for a given piece of wood, making it useful in static bending tests for determining the relative stiffness of a board. Search the
inch (psi). Precision End Trimmed (P.E.T.) A "three-point" spindles. 168 0 obj The key to profitable and wise utilization of pine timber today is to cut it efficiently into valuable lumber. say oak is strong doesnt tell you whether an oak shelf will sag when 0000006630 00000 n One is the maximum stress that the material can endure before "failure" occurs. 173 0 obj <> Tensile stress is measured in psi. 0000005092 00000 n
Gene Wengert, The Wood Doctor has been training people in efficient use of wood for 35 years. For a rough, general estimate of strength, refer to the No.
171 0 obj be placed upon it. Modulus of rupture is the maximum load carrying capacity of a member. Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material. When cutting a We don't save this data. <> higher in green wood. The force used is recorded The specific links on this site are affiliate links (as an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases) and help support the site at no extra cost to you. 0000010875 00000 n Framing, clapboards, shutters, eaves, trim, windows, doors, flooring, even the shingles on the roof and the wooden built-in gutters were Eastern White Pine. 4 1/2, 5 1/2, 7 1/4, 9 1/4. boards are stronger than those with uneven grain, knots, and other 0000001983 00000 n assumed to be approximately of the same magnitude. binder. 2. endobj pounds per square inch (Mpsi). <>/Font<>>>/Contents[170 0 R 171 0 R]/Parent 152 0 R>> Stiffness may be quantified using the modulus of elasticity, E. The higher the E value, the stiffer the wood and the lower the deformation under a given load.