Barter trade is also another way which people in ward 17 are using to adapt to the effects of climate change. The data collection instruments used include questionnaires, interviews and observations. Policy. droughts. In the 1999/2000 season, the Government embarked on its Large-scale farming

The evidence include rising temperature, increased frequency of floods, dry spells, droughts and other extreme events (Releifweb, 2011; Brazier, 2015).

country. As these soils are inherently of low fertility and subject to

for drought-resistant grain crops such as sorghum and millets. This involves planting a variety of crops such that if other crop types fail due to the given weather conditions the surviving crops would act as safety nets.

Table 6 shows the number of farming units and distribution

Keywords: climate change, Nyanga district, rainfall, agriculture, mitigation, Zimbabwe, Citation: Mushore TD, Mhizha T, Manjowe M, Mashawi L, Matandirotya E, Mashonjowa E, Mutasa C, Gwenzi J and Mushambi GT (2021) Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies for Small Holder Farmers: A Case of Nyanga District in Zimbabwe. Climate changes are a threat to rural agricultural livelihoods through increased drought frequency. Sometimes they sell their livestock which reduce their draft power to meet their immediate food needs at the expense of their long time coping mechanisms.

doi: 10.1016/j.envsci.2010.06.003. In addition, the sandy soils are generally Chipinga has a warm climate, with abundant rainfall, tea and other products such as Macadamia nuts are also produced.

peas and other vegetables. The challenges in the mitigation and adaptation to climate change are rampant and the coping methods are very limited because of the state of development and resource scarcity especially in Sub-Saharan Africa and ward 17 is not an exception. 1994; MLAWD, 1993): Maize is a The researcher also observed the types of crops which were under cultivation to evaluate if the varieties are resilient to climate change and variability. There is lack of integration and coordination among Government departments, NGOs and other institutions in disaster management.

Climate change, variability and sustainable agriculture in Zimbabwe's rural communities. In view of the need to understand localized impacts and responses to climate change, the main objectives of the study were to (i) assess the impact of climate change on livelihoods and food security, (ii) identify and evaluate adaptation and mitigation strategies that small holder farmers in Ward 17, Nyanga, Zimbabwe have developed.

phosphorus (P) and sulphur (S). This is so because rarely people will have excess supply of agricultural produce to spare. After clearing issues which have something to do with permission and approval the researcher went on to the participants of the farmer's questionnaire. I will be selling two tonnes, and at the price of 70 cents that we have been promised, the exported crop will greatly improve my life and that of my family, an excited Sithole tells IPS. We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. Similar data from these different sources were compared to check for consistence and collect as much information from all the methods used as possible.

system. For instance in 2020 villagers were promised to go for food for work programs, in which case the community would benefit at the same time developing their community through a development initiative such as building of a bridge or repairing eroded roads.

Suitable for extensive cattle ranching.

Mavhura E., Manatsa D., and Matiashe M. (2017).

The people in the area of study rely on rain fed agriculture as their source of livelihood and the continuous poor yields obtained mean that the people face food challenges. smallholder farmers grow drought-tolerant varieties of maize, sorghum, pearl A coffee of excellent quality and body is produced. q1.@+=6}3{RvZhf}PLt6epH/D}I commercial farmers. generally good soils, NR II is suitable for intensive cropping and livestock spells during the rainy season, Semi-extensive region.

contemporary law and policy responses to sex work in the UK. When I ask why the poor have no food, they call me a communist. Dom Hlder Cmara, Climate change: New approach needed to gauge animal health impact on emissions, Lebanon: At a crossroad between rebound or collapse, UN condemns election-related violence across Papua New Guinea Highlands, The Africa We Want is Still Within Reach & a Priority for the United Nations, UN envoy calls for extension and expansion of transformational truce in Yemen, Emergency Committee meets again as Monkeypox cases pass 14,000: WHO, Respect for fundamental rights key to peaceful elections in Kenya: UN experts, East African Countries Seek Cross-border Cooperation to Combat Wildlife Trafficking, Amplifying the SDGs Requires Fresh Storytelling Tactics, UN summit galvanizes action for development agendas in Africa, Ecstasy as Zimbabwes Small-holder Farmers Secure European Pineapple Market. Environ. Clim. and allocated to new farmers under the A1 and A2 small-scale farming About 70 percent of Zimbabwe is covered with A similar finding was reported by Chazovachii et al. Figure 4 shows that about 56.8% of the respondents prefer reforestation as a mitigation strategy. Finger millet This method also helps in moisture preservation, thus making crops thrive even in dry conditions.

model farms. This is helpful because it will mostly ensure the availability of food even during drought seasons. About mitigation strategies the farmers were mainly interested in talking of avoiding veld fires and reforestation in which the forests act as carbon sinks.

In 2017, the farmers started working with Zimtrade to get organic certification and have been supported in the certification and export quest by organisations such as COLEACP, Embassy of Netherlands in Zimbabwe, and Netherlands based PUM and RVO International. (2003) who noted that climate change will affect the achievement of the MDGs in particular the one to do with achieving alleviating hunger and poverty. NRs I, IIA, and IIB, and 40-50 percent of the cropped area in NRs III, IV and production of wheat, tobacco, maize, cotton, soybeans, groundnuts and for low P and K levels.

At least $50m has been allocated to the emergency response, he said. The challenges being faced in implementing new farming methods were also of interest. %%EOF

The main

Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. following the 2000 land/agrarian reform.

Cotton farmers' vulnerability to climate change in Gokwe District (Zimbabwe): impact and influencing Factors.

However, it has dangers of making the community develop donor dependency syndrome. For instance, the start and end of season have increasingly become uncertain making it difficult to decide on setting planting dates and selecting crop varieties to grow (Mushore et al., 2017). (1990).

For the majority of the population, absolute lack of assets and means of livelihood and precarious economies with low coping or adaptive capacity present one key factor that configures risk to drought. This region lies in the east of the country.

Nord.

communal farmers 16 million ha, resettlement farmers 3.6 million ha, small-scale Figure 3 shows that 25% of the respondents opted for early planting because it is less costly. Figure 3.

doi: 10.1007/s10584-011-0018-8. In 1999, commercial farmers occupied about 12 million ha,

Generally, virgin soils in Zimbabwe are infertile and deficient in nitrogen (N), 8.

The community would be responsible for preparing and feeding pupils in school. cultivation to food crops.

Very erratic rainfall.

0 Challenges faced by Farmers (multiple response) n = 58. of colonial and settler government. The rainfall is less than 650 mm/year

8). In general, farm TABLE 1

14, 89100. Source: Adapted from Moyo, 2000; Vincent and The Ward has a total of 1,370 households.

NR V covers the lowland areas below 900 m above sea level in

doi: 10.1093/jae/ejp002.

7. As noted by the respondents, back then, the people could afford to choose nutritional food unlike in the present day that the people now consider looking for nutritional food as a luxury not as a basic need. The northwest of the country has Triassic and Kalahari Social, Political, Economic and Environmental Issues That Affect Us All.

communal lands reveal multiple nutrient deficiencies of N, P and S as well as of Crop yields Forestry, wildlife/tourism.

CLimate Change in Zimbabwe. Adaptation strategies (multiple responses) n = 58. Unganai L. (2009). This is usually the second response to climate change as it is hinged on finding alternative ways for instance; initiatives and policies to reduce the susceptibility of people and the environment to the harsh effects of climate change.

On Monday, aid agencies began sending essential supplies to Chimanimani via aeroplane. (1994). Besides aid create a donor syndrome which does not create a sense of innovativeness in trying to cope with the ills of climate change.

This trend is expected to continue and even to increase significantly, with a consequent impact on livelihoods. Production systems are based on drought-tolerant S deficiency is endemic. are grown for export. 129, 11671173.

systems, Communal land tenure, labour-intensive production system using Poverty is the major problem which is exacerbated by drought effects as indicated by Maphosa (1994).

Climate change impacts and adaptation in the agricultural sector: the case of smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice.

greyish brown sands and sandy loams derived from granitic rocks, Sands & sandy loams derived from granite & gneiss, TABLE 3 Dev. This tropical cyclone hit their home area of Chipinge and Chimanimani in 2019, killing over 180 people, destroying 7,000 households and infrastructure and leaving 4,000 people food insecure, but their pineapple crop was not destroyed. Poultry or livestock is usually traded with maize from areas like Mutare or Mutasa. 14. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers.

It is fairly reliable,

Farmers say cyclone winds and floods destroyed fields in Chipinge and Chimanimani, worsening Zimbabwes food insecurity.

J. Afr.

characteristics of factors determining the fertility of the soils of Zimbabwe.

In this regard the government is recommended to put up effective measures in ensuring access of small holder farmers to credit and small loan facilities to improve output and livelihoods.

FAO (2004). Berlin: Heinrich Boll Stiftung. Matanga E., and Jere S. (2011).

But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience.

This implies difficult times ahead for local people that depend directly/indirectly on agriculture especially rain fed agriculture for their livelihoods and have few assets or strategies to cope with the changes to come. production, Suitable for intensive farming, based on maize, tobacco, cotton and livestock, 500-800. IOP Conf. Winter wheat,

doi: 10.1007/s10691-012-9213-x, 23.

Saunders et al.

The A2 model was based

use, management and income levels. J. Afr. 5. used for extensive beef ranching (Roth, 1990). The researcher acquired approval from the Ward 17 Councilor and village heads before embarking on the study after vividly explaining the objectives and aim of the study to community leaders.

A total of 56 subsistence farmers was selected using simple random sample and purposive sampling technique. The respondents mentioned that due to lack of capital and collateral security they do not access loans and they do not have access to inputs such as fertilizer, seeds and farming equipment.

127, 259274. doi: 10.1007/s00704-015-1632-6.

(Figure 2) and vegetation among other factors. Research Methods Forbusiness Students. Unganai (2009) points out that rainfall exhibits considerable spatial and temporal variability characterized by shifts in the onset of rains and increases in the frequency and intensity of heavy rainfall activity.

All authors listed have made a substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication.

cultivated soils, and lower in the subsoil than in the topsoil (Table This observation confirms De Waal (1990)'s assumption that people's need to consume food drives their actions. IPCC (2007). Global warming during the 20th Century in Africa has been estimated at between 0.26 and 0.5C per decade (IPCC, 2007). Chazovachii B., Chigwenyu A., and Mushuku A.

The second analysis involved identification of climate change mitigation strategies in use and counting of the number of people who pointed out each of the strategies in Ward 17 of the Nyanga District. The 45 villagers belong to the trust. The selection of these key informants is based on their proximity to Ward 17 and also the in depth knowledge on the problem under study.

Food aid can also be in form of supplementary feeding programs which are also significant in adapting to climate change in Chimonyo and Kuwenyi villages this is whereby schools especially primary schools receive food aid from the government or NGOs.

Follow @IPSNewsUNBureauFollow IPS News UN Bureau on Instagram, Inter Press Service (2022) All Rights ReservedOriginal source: Inter Press Service.

Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation: A Practioners' Handjournal. (2017). acidic.

People in ward 17 in Nyanga contribute to the mitigation of climate change by planting and maintaining the already existing indigenous and exotic trees in their homesteads.

The major setback with this adaptation method is that, sometimes the villagers may be treated unfairly in terms of the standard valuation of livestock and other asserts. Dev. Follow Tendai on Twitter and Instagram@i_amten. The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Bindura University of Science Education. accounts for 15 percent of the arable land production, most of the land being As shown, the effects of climate change have been increasing and are getting worse over time. A total of 12 943 individuals were allocated A2

Also lack of access to seeds such as millet and rapoko has contributed to the ineffectiveness of this climate change adaptation strategy.

However, Chagutah (2010) noted that capacity in African counties is limited by high levels of poverty and underdevelopment and Zimbabwe is not an exception. region was dominated by the large-scale farming subsector characterized by

Although both NR IV and NR V are too dry for crop production,

The usability of the instruments was tested before use for actual data collection, known as pre-testing. communal farming areas is under relatively intensive cropping systems. as natural regions (Figure 1), on the basis of the rainfall regime, soil quality country's timber production is located in this region.

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Although NR IV is considered unsuitable for dryland cropping,

The research findings of this study show that climate change negatively affects livelihoods and food security in rural communities which rely on rain fed agriculture as shown by the situation in ward 17 of Nyanga district. Irrigation schemes are also important in supplementing the Although NR V receives reasonable rainfall in the northern

There are prominent agricultural practices which are primarily subsistence farming. Zimbabwe's government therefore as one of the Third world countries has weak inter- and intra-sectoral co-ordination in as far as climate change is concerned Gukurume (2013). The study on the impact of climate change on the local populations' livelihoods is increasingly forwarded as an urgent research need. The households are isolated and marginalized therefore development and other opportunities will not be attained. Reliability and validity were ensured through the use of multiple instruments referred to as triangulation and in this study questionnaire, interviews and observations were utilized. 450-650 mm, severe dry spells during the rainy season, and frequent seasonal The plantations are owned In December 2000, the Government published Structural TDM conceptualized the paper and was involved in literature review, tool design and data collection, analysis, paper writing and response to reviewers. CARE (2009) however, noted that some people in ward 17 village avoid this method as it can be risky since there can be some instances when the rains would go away after they had planted and that would be wastage of seeds.

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11. ZIMSTAT (2012), indicated that Nyanga Rural District has a population of 126 577.

However, officials say wrecked roads were hampering the delivery of assistance to storm-affected communities. Southeast Asia Programme, World Agroforestry Centre (Indonesia), Indonesia, Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics, Indonesia, University of California, Santa Barbara, United States.

Nearly 500 people have been killed and more than 600,000 displaced in hard-hit Mozambique.

The larger part of the district is located in Natural Farming Region 1, but Ward 17 is located in natural Natural Farming Region 4, which is characterized by low and erratic rainfall. Growing of drought tolerant small grain crops such as millet, sorghum, and rapoko is usually done to curb issues of low and unreliable rainfall (Chazovachii et al., 2010), which are caused by climate change. During field surveys, observations were made to identify information on poverty levels, evidence of adaptation and mitigation as well as livelihood strategies. Thus they rely mostly on handouts from NGOs. irrigation.

The purpose of key informant interviews was to collect information from a wide range of people including community leaders, professionals, or residents especially the elderly who had historical glimpse of weather and climate change and have first-hand knowledge about the community. allocation per crop and yield suggests that farmers in NRs IIA and IIB have a