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(see criminal penalty section below). Princip explained to the court he had already read about Franz Ferdinand's upcoming visit in German papers.

[82], Franz Ferdinand and Sophie gave up their planned program in favor of visiting the wounded from the bombing, at the hospital.

The letter reminded Serbia of its commitment to respect the Great Powers' decision regarding Bosnia-Herzegovina, and to maintain good neighborly relations with Austria-Hungary. The archduke's chamberlain, Baron Rumerskirch, proposed that the couple remain at the Town Hall until troops could be brought into the city to line the streets. [38] Princip asked another friend Trifko Grabe to join the plot, Princip then wrote to Ili, his former roommate and confidante, telling him about the plan and asking him to recruit people in Sarajevo. The assassination team was helped by the Black Hand, a Serbian secret nationalist group; support came from Dragutin Dimitrijevi, at the time chief of the military intelligence section of the Serbian general staff, as well as from Major Vojislav Tankosi and Rade Malobabi, a Serbian intelligence agent. [17] The five bullets eraji fired at Vareanin and the fatal bullet he put in his own brain made eraji an inspiration to future assassins, including Princip and Princip's accomplice abrinovi. [25], Franz Ferdinand was an advocate of increased federalism and widely believed to favor trialism, under which Austria-Hungary would be reorganized by combining the Slavic lands within the Austro-Hungarian empire into a third crown.

[124] In spite of the absence of proof, the Sarajevo Court deemed that Serbian military circles were also implicated and thus the verdict ran: "The court regards it as proved by the evidence that both Narodna Odbrana and military circles in the Kingdom of Serbia in charge of the espionage service, collaborated in the outrage.

[107] Those in Austro-Hungarian custody were tried together with members of the infiltration route who had helped deliver them and their weapons to Sarajevo.

In Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosniaks and Croats largely view Gavrilo Princip as a terrorist and an ethnic Serb nationalist. It would take only a single crisisthe assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife Sophie Chotek by a young Bosnian Serb nationalist in Sarajevoto push the continents six major powers into World War I, which devastated the continent and killed some 17 million soldiers and civilians. (Credit: Time Life Pictures/The LIFE Images Collection/Getty Images). In 1918, Princip would die of tuberculosis in Theresienstadt, a prison in northern Bohemia which, years later, would be used by the Nazis as a concentration camp in World War II. "[149] On the eve of his execution, Malobabi told a priest: "They ordered me to go to Sarajevo when that assassination was to take place, and when everything was over, they ordered me to come back and fulfill other missions, and then there was the outbreak of the war.

[103], The bodies were transported to Trieste by the battleship SMSViribus Unitis and then to Vienna by special train. followed by six or seven utterances of "It is nothing," in response to Harrach's inquiry as to Franz Ferdinand's injury.

[94] As reported by Count Harrach, Franz Ferdinand's last words were "Sophie, Sophie!

Hence, he decided, in 1914, to inspect the army in Bosnia. endobj

It is there that I made up my mind sooner or later to perpetrate an outrage. The letter contained specific demands that Serbia should accept, including the suppression of the publication of propaganda advocating the violent destruction of Austria-Hungary, the removal of the people behind this propaganda from the Serbian Military, the dissolution of the Serbian nationalist organization Narodna Odbrana, the arrest of the people on Serbian soil who were involved in the assassination plot and the prevention of the clandestine shipment of arms and explosives from Serbia to Austria-Hungary. The information was received by Pai early enough, according to Education Minister Ljuba Jovanovi, for the government to order the border guards to prevent the assassins from crossing. To the prepared text he added a few remarks about the day's events thanking the people of Sarajevo for their ovations "as I see in them an expression of their joy at the failure of the attempt at assassination.

[140] Other voices eventually spoke out on the "warning". The assassination precipitated the July Crisis which led to Austria-Hungary declaring war on Serbia and the start of World War I. [11][12] In the five years leading up to 1914, lone assassins mostly Serb citizens of Austria-Hungary made a series of unsuccessful assassination attempts in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina against Austro-Hungarian officials. By choosing to hold its military exercises in Sarajevo in June 1914, and to send the heir to the throne to oversee them, Austria-Hungary intended to make a show of force to warn Serbia against any further expansion and aggression. [35], There are no reports as to what took place between Ili and Apis during the alleged meeting, but soon Apis's righthand man and fellow Black Hander, Serbian Major Vojislav Tankosi, who by this time was in charge of guerrilla training, called a Serbian irredentist planning meeting in Toulouse, France.

[70], Ili began handing out the weapons on 27 June. [189] Milorad Dodik acknowledged that Bosnia is "still divided", but maintained that Princip was a "freedom fighter" and that Austria-Hungary had been an "occupier".[190]. The Legacy of Franz Ferdinand", This page was last edited on 14 June 2022, at 02:31. '"[120] Under questioning by defense counsel ubrilovi described in more detail the basis of the fears that he said had compelled him to cooperate with Princip and Grabe. Because he was under 20 years old, too young to be executed under Austro-Hungarian law, Princip received a sentence of 20 years imprisonment. [30][31][32] abrinovi was deeply

Mehmedbai was (here quoting Albertini paraphrasing Mehmedbai) "eager to carry out an act of terrorism to revive the revolutionary spirit of Bosnia.

The bronze medallion of Ferdinand and Sophie, which was part of a monument that was erected on the site of the assassination and demolished in 1918 during Yugoslav rule, is currently preserved in the Art Gallery of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo.

[94] The driver applied the brakes, and when he attempted to put the car into reverse gear he accidentally stalled the engine close to where Princip was standing. [108] He later resurfaced in Serbia where he joined Major Tankosi's Chetnik detachment during the war,[109] in 1916 the Serbian government imprisoned him on fabricated charges of treason during the Salonika trial, he was released in 1919.

Vj?eC MOdVU+i? DU5`i\C`iuqbN9i]J%WiTv&'gb]eTah9IUU43DS*E"3PHj~^5p|Fj*OU+F+z!&hEK0S8!B0+A4j%/MAZ5\^.\`7DW3^^dp~8;qpd6wQE.A^Y5S=A{9Ppt;m*YDA,Dig!dBAPH8.0RLE" j+S75^ &Dtxg`|hgyW3T5* (U~!p `E;ZC!Hf$dl0U6U)}9Omu@^B`4qX.b0bTb)bLHt8VeSFM~M{&Bns [83] In order to ensure the safety of the couple, General Oskar Potiorek decided that the imperial motorcade should travel straight along the Appel Quay to the Sarajevo Hospital so that they could avoid the crowded city center. [160] Princip went on to testify that, at about the time of Easter (19 April), he wrote an allegorical letter to Ili informing him of the plan to kill Franz Ferdinand. By mistake, three local police officers got into the first car with the chief officer of special security; the special security officers who were supposed to accompany their chief got left behind. [38] Once he arrived in Bosnia-Herzegovina he wrote to Gacinovi and did nothing more until Ili wrote to him to summon him to Mostar.

[134] On July 28, 1914, one month after Franz Ferdinands death, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, beginning a chain reaction that would lead to four years of horrific conflict with millions of people dead. On 15 March 1917 Apis and the officers loyal to him were indicted, on various false charges unrelated to Sarajevo (the case was retried before the Supreme Court of Serbia in 1953 and all defendants were exonerated),[133] by Serbian Court Martial on the French-controlled Salonika front. [5] Over the next decade, disputes between Serbia and its neighbors erupted, as Serbia moved to build its power and gradually reclaim its 14th-century empire.

After Franz Ferdinand made his own speech and tended to some official business, he wanted to visit the injured adjutant in the hospital before leaving town. He then asked: "No one else knew of it beyond Ciganovi and ourselves.

One of them ran away, another one just remained stock-still, unable to move.. [15] The fundamental difference between those movements was that the Young Bosnians regarded social revolution as a necessary corollary of national liberation, and that, even though its membership was predominantly Serb, Young Bosnia also attracted an important minority of Croats and some Muslims.

[45] Princip, Grabe, and abrinovi testified at the Sarajevo trial that at about the same time (a little after Easter), they approached a fellow Bosnian Serb and former guerrilla fighter known to be well connected and with access to arms, Milan Ciganovi, and through him Major Tankosi and reached an agreement to receive arms and get smuggled across the Serbian border back into Bosnia with the weapons.

Serbia's monarchs, at the time from the royal House of Obrenovi that maintained close relations with Austria-Hungary, were content to reign within the borders set by the treaty. Thus, for love, did the Archduke go to his death. Unfortunately, the drivers didnt pick up on this changed itinerary. [63], abrinovi's father was a Sarajevo police official.

"[184] On the 100th anniversary of the assassination, a statue of Gavrilo Princip was erected in East Sarajevo. 1914. In addition to being the heir to his uncles throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand was also inspector general of the Austro-Hungarian Army, which had decided to hold its summer military exercises in Sarajevo, the Bosnian capital. When I was seventeen I passed whole nights at his grave, reflecting on our wretched condition and thinking of him. June 28 was a particularly significant date for Serbia: It was St. Vitus Day, the anniversary of the Serbian defeat in Kosovo by Ottoman forces in 1389, and this would be the first celebration of the occasion since Serbia had won back Kosovo in the Second Balkan War. In Tuzla, abrinovi bumped into one of his father's friends, Sarajevo Police Detective Ivan Vila, and struck up a conversation. In the aftermath of Franz Ferdinands assassination, Princip, abrinovi and most of the other conspirators were arrested and tried in Sarajevo.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, were assassinated on 28 June 1914 by Bosnian Serb student Gavrilo Princip, shot at close range while being driven through Sarajevo, the provincial capital of Bosnia-Herzegovina, formally annexed by Austria-Hungary in 1908.

[146] Bilinski did not speak openly on the subject, but his press department chief confirmed that a meeting had taken place including a vague warning, but there was no mention of an ethnic Serb Austro-Hungarian soldier shooting Franz Ferdinand.

"[185], Following the breakup of Yugoslavia, Princip's legacy came under reevaluation in the various successor states. [131], For some time, Regent Alexander and officers loyal to him had planned to get rid of the military clique headed by Apis, as Apis represented a political threat to Alexander's power. Soon after their confessions, Serbia executed Malobabi, Vulovi, and Apis on false charges. Many Serbs consider Princip a national hero. The assassination of Archduke Franz-Ferdinand and his wife Sophie at Sarajevo on June 28, 1914.

Soon thereafter occurred the Sarajevo assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. [188] Serbian history textbooks deny that Serbia or Princip were responsible for starting World War I,[186] laying blame on the Central Powers instead.

These conflicts included a customs dispute with Austria-Hungary beginning in 1906 (commonly referred to as the "Pig War");[6] the Bosnian crisis of 19081909, in which Serbia assumed an attitude of protest over Austria-Hungary's annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina (ending in Serbian acquiescence without compensation in March 1909);[7] and finally the two Balkan Wars of 19121913, in which Serbia acquired Macedonia and Kosovo from the Ottoman Empire and drove out Bulgaria. [179][180] Austria-Hungary then declared war and mobilized the portion of its army that would face the (already mobilized) Serbian Army on 28 July 1914. [85][86] However, Potiorek failed to communicate his decision to the drivers. Hitler sent it to the Berlin Zeughaus where it was put on display in the military museum until 1945 when it disappeared.

"[118], Austro-Hungarian authorities arrested and prosecuted the Sarajevo assassins (except for Mehmedbai who had escaped to Montenegro and was released from police custody there to Serbia)[119] together with the agents and peasants who had assisted them on their way.

In the Spring of 1912, in a plot involving Young Bosnians, Luka Juki a Bosnian Croat student, tried to assassinate the Governor of Croatia Count Slavko Cuvaj. "[137], Vojislav Tankosi died in battle in late 1915 and so was not put on trial.[138]. The next morning, abrinovi passed on the news to his fellow assassins that the assassination would be on 28 June.

[21], In 1913, Emperor Franz Joseph commanded Archduke Franz Ferdinand to observe the military maneuvers in Bosnia scheduled for June 1914.

As historian A. J. P. Taylor observes: [Sophie] could never share [Franz Ferdinand's] rank could never share his splendours, could never even sit by his side on any public occasion. Popovi, in turn, provided them with a letter to Serbian Captain Prvanovi, and filled out a form with the names of three customs officials whose identities they could assume and thereby receive discounted train tickets for the ride to Loznica, a small border town. Despite warnings of possible terrorist attacks during the visit to Bosnia, few official security precautions were taken. Home to a largely Slavic population, Bosnia and Herzegovina had nationalist ambitions of their own, but nearby Serbia wanted to incorporate them into a pan-Slavic empire. [40] (Apis later boasted to the Serbian Court that he ordered the assassination of Franz Ferdinand in his position as head of the Intelligence Department,[41] however Apis made the unproven claims in 1917 attempting to save his own life since he was about to be executed for high treason.[42]). 2 0 obj

Artamonov stated that he went on vacation to Italy leaving Assistant Military Attach Alexander Werchovsky in charge and though he was in daily contact with Apis he did not learn of Apis's role until after the war had ended.

"[81], Officials and members of the Archduke's party discussed what to do next.

abrinovi moved back into his father's house in Sarajevo.

However, the participants decided only to dispatch Mehmed Mehmedbai to Sarajevo, to kill the Governor of Bosnia, Oskar Potiorek. [34] By 1913, Apis and his fellow military conspirators (drawn heavily from the ranks of the May 1903 coup) had come to dominate what was left of the Black Hand. He had worked as a schoolteacher and as a bank worker but in 1913 and 1914 he lived with, and outwardly off, his mother, who operated a small boarding house in Sarajevo. This myth likely originated from the 2001 novel "Twelve Fingers", which presents a fictionalized version of the events of the assassination that includes the sandwich. On 23 May Apis and eight of his associates were sentenced to death; two others were sentenced to 15 years in prison. On the morning of June 28, seven young Bosnian Serbs with ties to a Serbian ultra-nationalist group called the Black Hand placed themselves along that route. When pressed for why he risked the punishment of the law, and did not take the protection of the law against these threats he responded: "I was more afraid of terror than the law. [27] Princip later stated to the court that preventing Franz Ferdinand's planned reforms was one of his motivations. [78] Police dragged abrinovi out of the river, and he was severely beaten by the crowd before being taken into custody. [89] When the Archduke's driver followed their route, Governor Potiorek, who was sharing the third vehicle with the Imperial couple, called out to the driver to stop as he was going the wrong way. This places the cabinet minister's discussions in late May and the information release to some time before that. [16] (General Vereanin went on to crush the last Bosnian peasant uprising in the second half of 1910). endobj "[166] Werchovsky admitted the involvement of his office and then fell silent on the subject.[167]. [65] Grabe joined his family in Pale.

Princip was then asked how he intended to realize his goal and responded: "By means of terror.

You can look at the historical records and see how Austria-Hungary cared about issues like the rule of law.

<>>> They and their weapons reached the island on 31 May. "[145] J. Jovanovi's account changed back and forth over the years and never adequately addressed Colonel Lejanin's statement. In Serbia, it is called Vidovdan and commemorates the 1389 Battle of Kosovo against the Ottomans, at which the Sultan was assassinated in his tent by a Serb. (Credit: Popperfoto/Getty Images). [15] eraji was a 22-year-old Bosnian Serb from Nevesinje, Herzegovina, who was a student at the Faculty of Law at the University of Zagreb.

The 14th anniversary of their marriage fell on 28 June. stream Ordinary people did not really care about what happened, and on the evening of the assassination the crowds in Vienna listened to music and drank wine, as if nothing had happened. The King was subsequently shot thirty times and the Queen eighteen. [19][20] Within Bosnia-Herzegovina, the networks of both the Black Hand and Narodna Odbrana penetrated to some extent local revolutionary movements such as Young Bosnia. All of the assassins were eventually caught. [9][10] One notable example was a Serbian nationalist society Narodna Odbrana, which was formed in Belgrade on 8 October 1908 under the initiative of Milovan Milovanovi. [74] Mehmedbai failed to act. [122] Princip deposed under cross-examination: "I am a Yugoslav nationalist and I believe in unification of all South Slavs in whatever form of state and that it be free of Austria." The consequences of his action were very bad for Bosnia. There is evidence that Russia was at least aware of the plot before 14 June. The military favored promoting Jovan Jovanovi to Foreign Minister,[147] and Jovanovi's loyalties one might expect to have been divided and his orders therefore carried out poorly. VWzqe>OWGKM*$_p;x|K,F9+_m"8ik|7&2jd{*WUZ$bW0vNNLSz6~s!zDTdD4ZJx [kYX/ Wary of Serbias ambitions for territorial expansion, Austria-Hungary had sought and received assurances from Germany that it would stand behind the dual monarchy in case of war with Serbia (and Serbias powerful ally, Russia). Armed by connections in the Serbian military and the shadowy ultra-nationalist organization the Black Hand, Princip and his fellow assassins headed to the Bosnian capital.